Telupedia - User contributions [en]

Sen

2026-05-25T02:11:17Z

Maxisnt:

{{Infobox language
| name = Sen
| familycolor = Conlang
| creator = [[Cárlẃmm Frinn]]
| posteriori = [[Phyrean language|Phyrean]], [[Woru languages]], [[Vuru language|Vuru]], [[Toamts language|Toamts]], [[Ragham]], among others
|nativename={{cs|jrt|sen}} ''Sen''}}

'''Sen''' ({{cs|jrt|sen}} /sen/) is a constructed language created by writer and novelist [[Cárlẃmm Frinn]] throughout the 1650s to 70s as a personal exercise in linguistic neutrality and minimalism, with great liberties taken. The objective, to her, was to make a language able to form short, concise and understandable sentences with a small vocabulary. Modern linguists are still debating as to whether this goal was achieved by the time Sen reached completion around 1678, with the release of the last personally published book by Frinn, ''[[Sen: A Complete Guide]]'', shortly before her death in 1679. It derives most of its vocabulary from several natural languages such as [[Phyrean language|Phyrean]], [[Vuru language|Vuru]], [[North Woru|North]] and [[South Woru]], [[Toamts language|Toamts]], [[Ragham]], among many others, modified to suit the language's phonology, along with some words formed ''a priori''. Sen has amassed a large community of learners and speakers of varying fluency along the years, many of whom propose the language as a candidate for international communication.

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
Sen makes use of a small set of 15 phonemes.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Sen consonants
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Labial / Labiodental
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
|-
!Unvoiced
!Voiced
!Unvoiced
!Voiced
!Unvoiced
!Voiced
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|
|{{Cs|jrt|m}} '''m''' /m/
|
|{{Cs|jrt|n}} '''n''' /n/
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Plosive
|{{Cs|jrt|p}} '''p''' /p/
|{{Cs|jrt|b}} '''b''' /b/
|{{Cs|jrt|t}} '''t''' /t/
|{{Cs|jrt|d}} '''d''' /d/
|
|{{Cs|jrt|c}} '''k''' /k/
|{{Cs|jrt|g}} '''g''' /g/
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!Plain
|{{Cs|jrt|f}} '''f''' /f/
|
| colspan="2" |
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Sibilant
| colspan="2" |
|{{Cs|jrt|s}} '''s''' /s/
|
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill or tap
| colspan="2" |
|
|{{Cs|jrt|r}} '''r''' /r~ɾ/
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Approximant
!Plain
|
|{{Cs|jrt|w}} '''w''' /w/
| colspan="2" |
|{{Cs|jrt|j}} '''y''' /j/
|
|({{Cs|jrt|w}} '''w''' /w/)
|-
!Lateral
|
|
|
|{{Cs|jrt|l}} '''l''' /l/
|
| colspan="2" |
|}

=== Vowels ===
Sen uses 5 vowels.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Sen vowels
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|{{Cs|jrt|i}} '''i''' /i/
|
|{{Cs|jrt|u}} '''u''' /u/
|-
!Mid
|{{Cs|jrt|e}} '''e''' /e/
|
|{{Cs|jrt|o}} '''o''' /o/
|-
!Open
|
|{{Cs|jrt|a}} '''a''' /a/
|
|}
Vowels may never form diphthongs or long vowels, at least phonemically. Sequences of vowels contacting are always broken up by a hiatus−even two of the same vowel.

== Grammar ==
All "lexical" words (i.e. not purely grammatical, like pronouns) in Sen may take the role of verbs, nouns, adjectives or adverbs depending on the context.
{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|ciena cara}} ''kiena kara'' "hot food" ''or'' "the fire consumes" 
{{cs|jrt|cara ciena}} ''kara kiena'' "edible fire" ''or'' "the food heats up" }}

=== Word order and head direction ===
Sen word order is flexible, but for general statements it tends to be Verb-Subject-Object.

{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|pilca lega o ciena}} ''pilka lega o kiena'' 
cook person OBJ food
"the person cooks the food"}}

It is also usually head-initial, and lexical words may be modified concatenating other words after them.

=== Pronouns ===
Sen has three pronouns, displayed below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sen pronouns
!First / Proximal
!Second / Medial
!Third / Distal
|-
|{{cs|jrt|eḷ}} ''el'' / Ø
|{{cs|jrt|os}} ''os''
|{{cs|jrt|an}} ''an''
|}
These pronouns are appended at the beginning of verbs to mark person. Usually, a verb by itself with no marked person will tacitly carry the first person.

{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|mea}} ''mea'' "to know" ''or'' "I know" 
{{cs|jrt|anmea}} '''''an'''mea'' "she knows"}}

A pronoun may also be appended at the end of a noun to indicate possession or deixis, depending on context.

{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|cienaan}} ''kiena'''an''''' 
"(it is) his food" ''(as opposed to'' ankiena ''"he eats")'' ''or'' "(it is) that food"}}

=== Verbs ===
Verbs in Sen are conjugated by appending affixes at either ends.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sen verbal inflection
!Conjugation
!Affix
!Example
|-
!Non-past
|''Unmarked''
|{{cs|jrt|muon}} ''muon'' "I (will) rise"
|-
!Past
| {{cs|jrt|-en}} -en
|{{cs|jrt|muonen}} ''muonen'' "I rose" ''or'' "I have risen"
|-
!Imperative
| {{cs|jrt|-ebi}} -ebi
|{{cs|jrt|muonebi}} ''muonebi'' "rise!"
|-
!Iterative
|{{cs|jrt|ti-}} ti-
|{{cs|jrt|timuon}} ''timuon'' "I (will) rise again"
|-
!Passive
| {{cs|jrt|-iri}} -iri
|{{cs|jrt|muoniri}} ''muoniri'' "I will be risen"
|-
!Reflexive
| {{cs|jrt|-mẹ}} -me
|{{cs|jrt|muonme}} ''muonme'' "I rise myself"
|-
!Optative/Hortative
| {{cs|jrt|-is}} -is
|{{cs|jrt|muonis}} ''muonis'' "please rise" ''or'' "I wish to rise"
|}
A verb may take a non-pronoun subject by directly preceding it''.''

{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|timuon lea}} ''timuon lea'' 
"the sun will rise again"}}

It may also take an object by using the object marker ''o''.

{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|sibici je o lega}} ''sibiki ye '''o''' lega'' 
"the beast leads the man"}}

=== Particles ===
There are two main particles in Sen: {{cs|jrt|o}} ''o'' marks the direct object of a verb, and {{cs|jrt|u}} ''u'' serves as a benefactive ("for (the sake of)") or causative marker ("because of").
[[Category: Languages]] [[Category: Constructed languages]]

Comparison of known biotas

2026-05-24T13:20:51Z

Maxisnt: /* Inositol nucleic disc */

{{WIP}}

This article compares the biochemistry and characteristics of the [[CoSM:Glossary#Biota|biotas]] within the [[CoSM:Glossary#Populated cosmos|populated cosmos]].

== Overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Feature
! colspan="4" |Cevobiota
! rowspan="2" |Maiabiota
! rowspan="2" |Zoabiota
! rowspan="2" |Kannobiota
! rowspan="2" |Telebiota
! rowspan="2" |Araiobiota
! rowspan="2" |Enyabiota
! rowspan="2" |Atavalpobiota
! rowspan="2" |Clannadobiota
|-
!Cytobiota
!Erdobiota
!Vitobiota
!Óótobiota
|-
! colspan="2" |Planet
| colspan="2" |[[World]]
|[[Julee]]
|[[Elm]]
|[[Maaya]]
|[[Celiane]]
|[[Kanno]]
|[[The Farthest Land]]
|[[Arai]]
|[[Enya]]
|[[Atahualpa]]
|[[Clannad]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Solvent
| colspan="8" |[[wikipedia:Water|Water]]
|[[wikipedia:Ammonia|Ammonia]]
| colspan="3" |Water
|-
! colspan="2" |Genetic storage
| colspan="4" |DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Inositol nucleic disc|INDs]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Glyconucleic acid|GNA]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic laminar polymer|FNLP]]
|DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic polycobaltocene|NPC]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic dendropolymer|DNDP]]
|FNDP
|RNLP
|-
! colspan="2" |Energy storage
| colspan="4" |ATP
|Sphrigonatrin
|Polyphosphate chains
|[[Wikipedia:Flavin mononucleotide|Flavin mononucleotide]]
|[[Wikipedia:Guanosine triphosphate|GTP]]
|[[Wikipedia:hydrazine|Hydrazine]]
|?
|Pyrroloquinoline quinone
|?
|-
! rowspan="2" |Chirality of...
!Amino acids
| colspan="4" |Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|-
!Sugars
| colspan="4" |Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|-
! colspan="2" |Amino acid count
| colspan="4" |20
|26
|12
|23
|22
|18
|21
|28
|25
|-
! colspan="14" |Non-universal prolific characteristics
|-
! colspan="2" |Blood oxygen binder
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Haemoglobin|haemoglobin]])
|Clunium (clunocruorin)
|Cobalt ([[Wikipedia:Coboglobin|coboglobin]])
|Iron (haemoglobin)
|Iron (ferroglobin)
|Iron-copper complex (FeCubin)
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Chlorocruorin|chlorocruorin]])
|Copper ([[Wikipedia:Haemocyanin|haemocyanin]])
|Titanium (azotorespirin-W)
|Nickel (niccocruorin)
|Manganese (manganocruorin)
|Copper (haemocyanin)
|-
! colspan="2" |Photosynthetic pigment
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Chlorophyll|Chlorophyll]]
|[[Wikipedia:Biliverdin|Biliverdin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Phycoerythrin|Phycoerythrin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Rhodopsin|Rhodopsin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Indigo dye|Indigo]]
|[[Wikipedia:Lycopene|Lycopene]]
|[[Wikipedia:Bacteriochlorophyll e|Bacteriochlorophyll e]]
|Corrin-like violet pigment
|[[Wikipedia:Methylene blue|Methylene blue]]
|Chlorophyll
|[[Wikipedia:Riboflavin|Riboflavin]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Bone mineral
| colspan="4" |[[Wikipedia:Hydroxyapatite|Hydroxyapatite]]
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Whitlockite|Whitlockite]]
|[[Wikipedia:Struvite|Struvite]]-[[Wikipedia:Collagen|collagen]] complex
|[[Wikipedia:Lignin|Lignin]]
|Magnesium-ammonium-phosphate mineral
| colspan="2" |Hydroxyapatite
|Struvite-collagen complex
|}

== Genetic storage ==

=== Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids ===
{{Main|wikipedia:DNA}}

=== Glyconucleic acid ===
[[File:Genetics-gna.svg|thumb|Glyconucleic acid.]]
GNA ('''g'''lyco'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is the genetic storage polymer used by [[Celiane|Celianese]] life. It consists of a glycol-phosphate backbone and two discrete nucleobases (2-amino-8-(2-thienyl)purine and [[wikipedia:2-pyridone|2-pyridone]]), forming [[wikipedia:Watson-Crick pair|Watson-Crick base pairs]] that combine into 4-base codons. This means that life in Celiane produces the fewest number of amino acids of any known biochemistry by far (only 12: [[wikipedia:Gly|Gly]], [[wikipedia:Proline|Pro]], [[wikipedia:Cys|Cys]], [[wikipedia:Histidine|His]], [[wikipedia:Serine|Ser]], [[wikipedia:Alanine|Ala]], [[wikipedia:Leucine|Leu]], [[wikipedia:Glutamic acid|Glu]], [[wikipedia:Arginine|Arg]], [[wikipedia:Tyrosine|Tyr]], [[wikipedia:Gln|Gln]], [[wikipedia:Valine|Val]]). The lack of amino acids is compensated by other macromolecules and cofactors (vitamins, minerals, organometallic compounds) filling the same niches.

As a result of this, Celianese organisms' biological processes tend to be strikingly different:

* Neural pathways are simpler and much more reliant on electrical synapses (over chemical).
* Immune systems are enzymatic rather than cellular.
* Fewer, simpler proteins entail less chances for misfolding and protein aggregation, rendering diseases like [[wikipedia:Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]], [[wikipedia:Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]], [[wikipedia:ALS|ALS]], etc., exceedingly rare, almost impossible.
* Faster, simpler biosynthetic processes lead to advantages such as faster wound healing and tissue regeneration.
* High-metal-cofactor systems require high-metal-content diets, specifically iron, copper, zinc, manganese and especially magnesium.
* Structures that might be keratinous in CEVO group organisms (fur, hair, claws, nails...) are instead primarily chitinous.
* Better chemical sensing capabilities due to higher cofactor diversity.

=== Inositol nucleic disc ===
[[File:Genetics-ind.svg|thumb|Single IND. Position 2 is depicted darker and longer to denote its importance for hosting the start-stop group.]]
''Inositol nucleic discs'' (abbreviated INDs) are the main [[Maaya|Maayan]] genetic information storage chemical. They are near-flat wheels, a central cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (''myo-inositol'') molecule in the middle, with positions 2, 3, 5 and 6 recording information by changing groups ([[wikipedia:Methyl group|methyl]], [[wikipedia:Amino group|amino]], [[wikipedia:Carboxyl group|carboxyl]] and [[wikipedia:Hydroxyl group|hydroxyl]]). These discs are stacked together in long cylindrical polymers, similar to DNA, linking together in positions 1 and 4 through phosphate groups. Position 2, being axial, serves as a start/stop point for enzymes reading the information.

With 4 states possible per 4 positions, the possible disc combinations add up to a total of 256. However, despite the large number of combinations, the genome only encodes for around 26 amino acids, with many disc configurations being redundant. This implies that there is a hard limit of possible amino acid biosynthesis pathways. The leading theory is that ancestral lifeforms on Maaya encoded for many more amino acids, but only those with few remained, while every other evolutionary line perished due to exponentially more frequent and deadly protein misfolding and Alzheimer's-like aggregation events. As proteins became bigger and more complex, there were more opportunities for them to synthesise wrong. Even today, one of the top death causes among [[amono]] is ACS (amono cerebrosclerosis, the hardening of brain tissue due to massive protein aggregation), almost as common as cancer.

INDs are ''highly'' mutation-resistant as a result of their chemical stability. However, genetic repair enzymes on Maaya are much less efficient than their CEVO group equivalents (the biological unit group that includes World and Earth cells), making it easier for a mutation to slip through and become a permanent, inheritable part of the genome.

A common genetic issue is the sticking together of the oppositely-charged carboxyl and amino groups in the genome. This condition (called ''cytoplasmic potassium salt deficiency'' or CPSD) arises from imbalances in the usually potassium-salt-rich nuclear cytoplasm, which shields these groups from interacting. The IND strands become tangled and unreadable, leading to cells undergoing rapid necrosis if K-salts (especially [[wikipedia:Potassium sulfate|potassium sulfate]]) are not reintroduced into the system.

=== Nucleic dendropolymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fndp.svg|thumb|FNDP visualised.]]
NDPs ('''n'''ucleic '''d'''endro'''p'''olymers), chiefly ''gene-trees'', are the main [[Atahualpa|Atahualpan]] and [[Enya|Enyan]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are dendritic polymers that encode information in tridimensional patterns, using [[Wikipedia:Deoxyribose|deoxyribose]] in Enya and [[Wikipedia:Fuculose|fuculose]] in Atahualpa as backbones, and about three to four distinct bases for actual storage. The kind of branch encodes the type of amino acid being encoded, with the nucleobases at the ends providing further specification. These patterns (of 3 bases in Enya and 4 in Atahualpa) are somewhat hard to predict, and mutations would be very common, were it not for genetic repair enzymes in these biotas being very efficient. Mutations occur at about the same pace as they do in DNA-based organisms.

Fuculonucleic dendropolymer, being capable of making very complex proteins with the 28 amino acids it encodes for, can also cause problems in the long run. Atavalpobiota suffer from an elevated risk of protein misfolding and aggregation diseases, even more than maiabiota.

=== Nucleic laminar polymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fnlp.svg|thumb|Visual representation of Kannoan FNLP.]]
NLPs ('''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymers), chiefly ''genetic tape'' or ''genetic laminar'', are the main [[Kanno|Kannoan]] and [[Clannad|Clannadian]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are long, flat molecular ribbons that store information through patterns utilising two chemicals, the ''bases''. These bases form two- (in simpler organisms) to six-base-wide lines (in most multicellular life) that go horizontally across the tape's width.

An important distinguishing factor of NLPs is their continuous-pattern genomes: each line in the genetic code influences the next. Sequences of lines form semi-predictable combinations, owing to the tendency of their bases to form labyrinthine chemical patterns. This pattern-based structure is inherently self-healing, in that, were a mutation to occur, enzymes would rapidly recognise it and rearrange the molecules to match the surrounding pattern. However, this system is not perfect, and lines that are "close enough" to matching are left as-is. This provides the NLPs with ample room to mutate and adapt to environmental constraints.

Kannoan FNLP ('''f'''uco'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses [[wikipedia:Fucose|fucose]] backbones and 2-aminopyrimidine and 2,4-dioxopyrimidine for data encoding, while Clannadian RNLP ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses ribose backbones, much like RNA. These two biochemistries are fundamentally incompatible:

* Kannoan FNLP is typically six bases wide, while Clannadian RNLP usually has only five.
* Even in sequences with the same width, the same base combinations encode for different amino acids.

=== Nucleic polycobaltocene ===
[[File:Genetics-npc.svg|thumb|NPC visualised.]]
''Nucleic polycobaltocene'' (NPC for short) is the main method of genetic encoding in [[Arai]]. Unlike all other known life taxa, Arai life is unique in its use of the inherent magnetic properties of different metal ion oxidation states for data storage, instead of chemical reactions. This works due to the planet's freezing cold temperatures helping to maintain magnetic properties stable, and the use of ammonia as a solvent instead of water.

NPC makes use of cobalt in three distinct oxidation states: the diamagnetic Co+ and Co3+ and the paramagnetic Co2+. These cobalt ions are bound together by [[wikipedia:Cyclopentadienyl|cyclopentadienyl]] anions in a Co-Cp-Co-Cp-[...] structure, giving the molecule a slightly twisting rod shape. "Codons" in this system are 3 cobalts long, thus allowing for 27 combinations that encode a total of 18 amino acids. Mutations are known to happen, primarily in the form of oxidation state changes (Co3+ ↔ Co2+ ↔ Co+). Due to its molecular structure as a polymetallocene, NPC is the thinnest genetic polymer known to exist.

Metabolic strains have led Arai life to find ways to greatly regulate cobalt levels in their cytoplasm. The main distinguishing feature of [[Cobonephrota|cobonephrotes]] (the domain containing the extinct [[Nene (species)|organic stage nene]]) is the development of a specialised organelle, the ''cobonephrus'', which regulates cobalt levels in the cell, filtering out excess and warning the organism whenever there is a deficiency. Other cellular characteristics include [[wikipedia:Acrylonitrile|acrylonitrile]] cell membranes and [[wikipedia:Polyphosphazene|polyphosphazene]] cell walls.

Due to the very nature of NPC's data storage, high temperatures and strong magnetic fields might tear apart the genome, leading to effects similar to radiation exposure.

== Energy storage ==

=== Flavin mononucleotide ===
Flavin mononucleotide is used in Kanno as an energy carrier. It is a redox carrier: it stores energy as FMNH2, and releases it by reoxidising back into FMN. The high oxygen atmosphere of Kanno contributes to the use of FMN as molecular oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, guaranteeing continuous energy turnover. A byproduct of the O2 reduction involved in this metabolic process is reactive oxygen species. This is counteracted by antioxidative metabolic processes which have evolved independently several times in nearly all taxa of Kanno. One of these, almost universal in all Kannoan flora, is lycopene, generated abundantly by the native flora of the planet as both a photosynthetic pigment and an antioxidant. Many herbivorous species are dependent on lycopene as a result, and have de-evolved ancestral, less efficient antioxidative systems.

=== Hydrazine ===
Hydrazine (N2H4) is the energy storage molecule used by the biota of Arai. It oxidises to molecular nitrogen as its terminal reaction, which itself is what Arai life depends on for respiration, thereby completing a metabolic loop.

=== Polyphosphate chains ===
Polyphosphates are the energy storage macromolecules used in the biota of Celiane. They are inorganic polymers with several points of cleavage, whose energy potential scales with their length. Any number of units may be cleaved at once, a mechanism exploited by zoabiota for precise energy spending and control. Phosphorus is therefore central to Zoan life, and is both a high-importance dietary requirement and the main metabolic waste product.

=== Sphrigocalcin ===
Life on Maaya utilises a specialised molecule named ''sphrigocalcin'' for energy storage. It binds three calcium ions which are then spent by releasing them into the cytoplasm. Maayan life therefore has a high need for calcium salts. Due to its high metabolic priority, Maayan life has evolved extremely efficient calcium recycling systems, and as such is rarely excreted. Sphrigocalcin itself is heavier than ATP, and its ratio of energy-per-mass is lower. Maayan life compensates by having larger, more specialised proteins which accomplish more tasks at once for less energy spent. The large 26-amino-acid proteome of maiabiota is likely a result of this energy constraint.
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]

Urm

2026-05-24T02:00:32Z

Maxisnt: /* Biology */

{{Taxobox
| image = sirushfull.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Fullbody sketch of an Urm. {{metainf|Art by [[User:Maxisnt|Camille]].}}
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| domain = [[Hadrotoichia]]
| regnum = [[Polypodia]]
| phylum = [[Elasmata]]
| classis = [[Melifera]]
| ordo = [[Venatores]]
| familia = [[Urmidae]]
| genus = ''[[Urmus]]''
| species = '''''U. tomentosus'''''
| binomial = ''Urmus tomentosus''
| synonyms =
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
}}
'''Urms''' (or '''Urmi''', sg. '''Urm''', '''''Urmus tomentosus''''') are the native sophonts of [[Kanno]]. On average they are large, both sexes usually reaching 190cm on all sixes. Their crests are a characteristic feature, which they use to convey emotion by moving them up and down. Their whiskers also play a role in this, but their primary function is as [[Wikipedia:Chemoreceptor|chemoreceptors]]. They are carnivores, and their diet mostly consists of red meat, bone marrow and the occasional fruit or vegetable.

Having rod cells and only one type of cone cell, which detects infrared, they are IR [[Wikipedia:Monochromacy|monochromats]]. Their poor vision is compensated by their excellent hearing. [[Wikipedia:fmri|FMRI]] scans have demonstrated that the auditory areas of their brains are very sensitive and exceedingly well developed, and it's been well proven that this, along with their spatial recognition and echolocation capabilities, essentially equate their hearing to sight.

== Appearance ==

=== Body ===
Urms are hexapodal, with the first pair of limbs ending in four-fingered symmetrical hands, while the last two pairs are used exclusively for walking. Their hands, when not in active use, are also active in their gait, as urms knuckle-walk. They are able to walk without them, but if done for long periods of time this may become uncomfortable as their centre of mass wouldn't be level with their gait.

=== Head ===
Urm heads consist of their ''rostrum'', a fur-less leathery area of the face which includes their four-jawed snout and crest, which they use to emote, not unlike eyebrows in [[Elmiform|elmiforms]]. They also possess a pair of small teardrop-shaped eyes and large, round, flat ears with no fur. On the tips of their four jaws sit incurrent nostrils, used in inhalation, while exhalation takes place either out the throat or the excurrent nostrils, which are found on either side of their neck. Four whiskers sit at the edges of their lips, tipped with small bulbous chemoreceptors.

==== Eye colour ====
Urm eyes are almost always green or light blue; a recessive gene may cause them to become yellowish or amber, though this is a relatively rare occurrence. Depigmented eyes, such as those of albino individuals, may appear a very light green.

=== Coloration ===
Urm fur combines browns, light greens and oranges, as well as blacks, whites and greys. Their skin colours range in the greens due to their use of [[Wikipedia:biliverdin|biliverdin]].

== Biology ==

=== Respiration and blood ===
Urm blood primarily makes use of [[Wikipedia:Chlorocruorin|chlorocruorin]] for oxygen transport, giving it a green tint. Being a only a quarter as efficient as [[Wikipedia:Haemoglobin|haemoglobin]], urms require a higher amount of oxygen in their environment to survive. Due to this, their lungs are large and efficient. Inhalation and exhalation take place in different parts of the body, with dedicated incurrent (on the jaws) and excurrent nostrils (on either side of the throat). Urm blood is slightly alkaline (pH ~7.7), and excess acid and CO2 is eliminated by the kidneys and via urination, rendering their urine acidic.

=== Digestion and nutrition ===
Urms are obligate carnivores, requiring over 70% animal-derived food in their diet to stay clear of malnutrition. This includes flesh and organs, mostly, but also bones, [[CoSM:Glossary#Honeymilk|honeymilk]], eggs, blood, among other byproducts. They can eat some flora, such as starchy tubers, plant leaves and stems, and fruits, as long as they're able to digest them.

One of the main requirements for a healthy urm diet is [[Wikipedia:Riboflavin|riboflavin]] (vitamin B2), as it is necessary for energy production. [[Wikipedia:Fucose|Fucose]], important for their genome, is also a requirement.

Urms are equipped with a bicameral stomach and a relatively short intestinal duct.

=== Reproduction and ageing ===
Urms reach sexual maturity during their mid to late teenage years, and brain development halts during their late 70's (in Kannoan years, i.e. ~30 [[Earth]] years, developmentally something around late twenties in human terms). Urms anatomically may present two sexes, male and female, and sexual dimorphism is negligible. On average, males are about 5 cm shorter than females and present bigger crests, while females are more prone to leucistic pigmentation.
[[File:Urm-penis.png|thumb|Diagram showing the inner anatomy of an erect urm penis. Note the opening of the ejaculatory urethra; during orgasm this opening pulses, discharging semen in "waves" with each beat.]]
External genitalia includes a genital pore and testes held inside a scrotum for males, and a round, slightly protruding vulva for females, with a visible button-shaped clitoris under the opening. Genitalia for both sexes sit on the lower hindquarters, right under the anus, with the female genitalia sitting parallel to it. The penis of an urm retracts fully into the body when not aroused, and during intercourse will extrude and engorge before reaching a full erection. Its shape is held by a ribbed hydraulic baculum-like structure called the ''haemobaculum'', which fills with blood during arousal. Generally, during erection, the penis has a mushroom-like shape, with a mostly flat head and a tapering shaft. During orgasm, the cavernous body in the posterior segment of the penis engorges, which is meant to lock the male to the female for higher chances of successful insemination.

Internal genitalia diverges massively between the two sexes. Males possess several seminal vesicles, two large egg-shaped testes inside the scrotum, and a large lubricating gland. The urinary tract is connected to the penis, although urine exits through a different opening (the ''excretory urethra'') than semen (which exits through a wide canal called the ''ejaculatory urethra''). Females, meanwhile, possess a long, stretchy vaginal canal ending in the uterine cervix. The uterus itself is large and accommodates the−typically−one to four foetuses present during gestation.
[[File:Urm-growth.png|thumb|Semi-humorous depiction of the growth of an infant urm.]]
Pregnancy usually lasts 200~270 Kannoan days, and a typical litter will have up to four small (~30 cm) cubs, covered in a soft and silky, pale white neonatal fur, soaked in an oily substance which aids in exiting the uterus. This fur is highly insulating, protecting the otherwise completely defenceless cub from the elements during their first few weeks of life. Female urms are equipped with four teats on the posterior belly area that produce a kind of milk rich in [[Wikipedia:Melezitose|melezitose]] (unlike [[elmiform]] milk which is [[Wikipedia:Lactose|lactose]]- or [[Wikipedia:trehalose|trehalose]]-based), a product commonly called ''honeymilk''.

A baby urm will begin shedding its neonatal coat after its 4th week, and will begin growing their permanent fur shortly after. They will go through periods of heavy shedding every summer.

==== Birth control ====
Birth control is common among couples engaging in recreational sex. The most popular are birth control pills, vaginal condoms (penile condoms aren't comfortable on retractile penises), and sterilisation surgery.

=== Skeletal system ===
[[File:Urm-bonez.png|thumb|Details on urm bones. {{Metainf|In an earlier iteration, urms used to have aragonite bones.}}]]
Urm bones are made of, roughly, ~80% [[Wikipedia:Struvite|struvite]] (NH4MgPO4·6H2O) and ~20% collagen, rendering it hard and sturdy, yet relatively light. They possess a spine, although instead of circular vertebrae they possess interlocking plates called ''tegulae''. Their skull is made of five parts: the skull proper and the four jaws. The eyes are surrounded by [[Wikipedia:Scleral ring|scleral rings]]. On their chest is a rib-cage-like complex of nine bones protecting vulnerable organs like the heart, lungs and liver. The limbs connect to the body through large shoulder-blade-like bones, with the exception of the hind limbs, which connect to an inverted-U-shaped pelvic bone.

== Behaviour ==

=== Circadian rhythm ===
Urms are crepuscular leaning towards nocturnal, and sleep when the sun begins to rise, which depends highly on the season. On one of ther 32,4 hour days, in winters, urms sleep around 14 to 16 hours, while during the summer they only sleep about 9 to 11.

=== Communication ===
{{Main|Urm communication}}
Urms' main form of information exchange is through complex signed languages. These vary from culture to culture, and very few signs are universal. However, their vocalisations, though limited due to their lack of vocal chords, are understood by nearly every individual, along with facial expressions using their crests.

==== Visual ====
A variety of urm facial expressions and visual cues can be noted.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Head position
! colspan="3" |Crest erection
|-
!Flat
!Semi-rigid
!Rigid
|-
!Held upright
|Calm, neutral
|Content
|Happy, joyous{{ref label|happy|a|↑}}
|-
!Held low
|Sad, cautious, tired
|Comfortable
|Curious, intrigued
|-
!Held back, retracted
|Disgusted, uncomfortable{{ref label|uncom|b|↑}}, scared{{ref label|scare|c|↑}}
| -
| -
|-
!Held forward
|Challenging{{ref label|angry|d|↑}}, angry
| -
|Courting, affectionate{{ref label|flirt|e|↑}}
|}
<ol type="a">
<li>{{note label|happy|a|↑|This may be accompanied by shivering whiskers.}}</li>
<li>{{note label|uncom|b|↑|While angling the head up.}}</li>
<li>{{note label|scare|c|↑|While angling the head down. This may be accompanied by a display of aggression.}}</li>
<li>{{note label|angry|d|↑|If there's no display of aggression, it's usually implied to be friendly.}}</li>
<li>{{note label|flirt|e|↑|It's also common for an urm to slightly angle their head up so as to look at the recipient from above.}}</li>
</ol>

Eyes may contribute for emphasis by being more open. Piloerection may also ensue with extreme emotions.

==== Vocal ====
There are two ways in which an urm may communicate vocally: through their throat or ''oral communication'', also called ''howl-barks'', or through contracting their excurrent nostrils and exhaling, thus ''nasal communication'', or ''whistling''. These may happen individually or simultaneously, in which case they are emphasising one another.

===== Whistles =====
* '''Fwee''' - a long, stable, high pitched whistle which usually signifies great excitement.
* '''Whine''' - a series of short whistles, like whines, usually indicating pain.
* '''Rumble''' - a long, stable, low pitched whistle, an angry warning sound.
* '''Growl''' - a combination of a rumble and a purr, so a long, vibrating rumbling sound reminiscent of a growl. Annoyance. If accompanied by a low howl, anger.
* '''Purr''' - a sound made by vibrating the muscles of the excurrent respiratory tracts. Sounds like a low purr or light vibrating sound. Depends on context. If it accompanies a comfortable posture, it's a sign of enjoyment and pleasure. Otherwise, it indicates discomfort.
* '''Trills''' - a sound made by juveniles, usually when they need the attention of their mother. Trilling sounds made by whining and purring at the same time. Adults may do this, albeit at a lower pitch to seem "cute."

===== Howl-barks =====
* '''Warn-barking''' - low, single barks with pauses. A warning sound.
* '''Laughing''' - very short mid pitched barks, interspersed by a long, high-pitched howl-bark, all in rapid succession. Joy, elation.
* '''Baying''' - mid or high pitched long howl-barks. Alarm sound, warning people around oneself to watch out or flee.
* '''Whoop''' - short, rising, mid pitched howl-barks. Used to catch the attention of people around oneself, calling for assistance.
* '''Low howl''' - a long, low pitched howl. Anger, usually accompanied by a growl.
* '''High howl''' - a long, mid or high pitched howl. Excitement, exhilaration, pleasure.

== History ==

=== Evolutionary predecessors ===
Urms are descended from hypercarnivorous tundra-dwelling nocturnal pack predators, possibly at the very top of the food chain in their niche. They were extremely eusocial and gregarious, and had already developed a complex system of vocalisations for intraspecific communication, which their modern descendants have retained. These ancestors were probably obligate carnivores, and completely unable to digest plant matter.

=== Before first contact ===
Before first contact (i.e. shortly before [[Kanno]] year 2302), urms had fairly modern technology, resembling [[Earth]] during its 1970s. They were recently entering a period of globalisation, caused by the development of cheaper and more efficient methods of long-distance sailing, and increasing pressure for many urms to leave their natal homes in search of better work opportunities. Some remained in the countryside, and lived their lives as herders and hunters.{{Sophonts}}

[[Category:Kanno]] [[Category:Polypodians]] [[Category:Venators]]

Amono

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Maxisnt:

{{Taxobox|image=amono.jpg|image_alt=|image_caption=Fullbody sketch of an amono, demonstrating their two mouths. {{metainf|Art by [[User:Maxisnt|Camille]].}}|status=LC|status_system=iucn3.1|domain=Deuterokaryota|regnum=Maiozoa|phylum=Maiochordata|classis=Mammata|ordo=Biorata|familia=Amonidae|genus=''[[Amono]]''|species='''''A. maximus'''''|binomial=''Amono maximus''|synonyms=|range_map=|range_map_caption=}}

'''Amono''' (''Amono maximus'') are the native sophonts of [[Maaya]], only life harbourer of star [[Daphnaie]]. They made first contact with the [[Search and Discovery Organisation]] in [[Timeline of space history|3gN PE]], when the Maayan [[Ear to the Firmament|Ear to the Firmament program]] caught a radio signal from the nearby ''[[RV Anywhere]]'', an SDO research vessel, and decided to ask for information. They are peculiar in that, like the rest of order [[Biorata]], they possess two mouths: a vocal mouth, connected to the respiratory tract, and a digestive mouth, connected to the digestive tract.

== Names ==
''Amono'' comes from the [[Aora language|Aora]] word ''amuñu'', literally "person." [[Elmian|Elmians]] call them ''yakul people'', for their superficial resemblance to the [[yakul]], a common mount and work animal in the [[Áonaks|Áonak]] homeland.

== Appearance ==

=== Head ===
Amono possess a pair of large ears, and a pair of smaller, usually black or dark brown eyes. They also possess two small "eyebrow" antennae over these, used in emoting. Their snout is tapered and ends in a small rounded nose, under which sits the vocal mouth. The inner vocal mouth possesses a soft, tongue-like floor, and a hard palate. It possesses no teeth. Under the vocal mouth is the digestive mouth, much larger, with teeth and a large, rounded tongue.

=== Body ===
The body of an amono is wolf-like in appearance and stance. On all sixes, they reach around two metres on average. Like [[Urm|urms]], they have a hexapodal gait, and their front two limbs, when not walking, possess hands useful for manipulating their environment. Normally, to use both hands, amono need to sit down, shifting their centre of gravity further back. At the end of their body is a long tail used for balance and emoting.

=== Coloration ===
Amono fur doesn't tend to have much patterning. Fur coloration usually consists of one to two colours, including grey, brown, black and white.

== Biology ==

=== Blood and respiration ===
Amono use ferroglobin as their oxygen-carrier in blood, a protein similar to [[Wikipedia:Haemoglobin|haemoglobin]] in [[felds]], and is a very close reddish ochre.

The lungs of an amono are located within their chest, just above their genitals. Inside their cranium, in front of their brain, sits a lung-like organ equipped with vocal chords. This small ''cranial lung'' takes in air from the lungs and pushes it out the vocal mouth, allowing the amono to speak.

=== Diet and digestion ===
Amono are omnivores, and require about equal amounts of animal and plant matter. They are also greatly dependent on calcium, which is needed for their energy storage molecule ''sphrigocalcin'', and potassium salts, as their genomic polymers, [[Comparison of known biotas#Inositol nucleic disc|inositol nucleic disc chains]], contain carboxyl and amino groups that, without the intervention of potassium, would stick together and tangle, rendering them unreadable. Potassium sulfate powder, called ''tmõõ'' in [[Kcii language|Kcii]], is a common food additive, moreso than table salt, and some cultures will have larger rocks to lick during early evening, similar to tea time.

Amono possess a long intestinal tract ending in a retractable cloaca between their hind legs, commonly mistaken for a phallus, though only used for excretion. Like [[zhebenki]], amono urinate and defecate through the same orifice, usually simultaneously. Additionally, they possess a ''calosome'', an organ that stores potassium salts.

=== Reproduction and ageing ===
The external genitalia of amono sit on the lower chest. They take the shape of slits, with either a clitoris at the top or a penis at the bottom. Both look quite similar, being long and tapered, thicker at the base and slender at the head. Coitus consists in friction of the genitals while both individuals embrace each other. Because of this, front-to-front hugs are, in many amono cultures, seen as intimate and sexual in nature, and performing one in public may be seen as obscene.

Internal genitalia differs between both sexes: males possess a small concave chamber without orifices, over which sit the testes, which allows a female's clitoris to rub against them to induce ejaculation; females possess a short vaginal canal ending in the uterine cervix. The uterus itself is long and occupies a large area of the medial trunk, accommodating an amono's usual litter size of 2 to 5 cubs.
[[File:Amono-growth.png|thumb|Depicted here: growth of an amono from birth to adolescence.]]
Gestation lasts around 220 days (i.e. around half a Maayan year). Amono, being of class ''[[Mammata]]'' and possessing six teats, breastfeed their young for about 2 Maayan years, occasionally supplementing their diet with easily digestible solid foods (like small animals and invertebrates) once the babies start teething.

Amono reach sexual maturity at around 8 Maayan years and reach full cerebral development at around 26. Cross-culturally, an amono is considered a baby from their birth up to 2, child from 3 to 5, adolescent from 5 to 10, adult from 11 to 42, and elderly onwards. Baby and child amono will often get transported lying in rows on their mother's back, clinging onto her fur.

Commonly, amono of advanced age will begin showing signs of protein aggregation. This is normal, as with age their biosynthetic pathways become less efficient, and proteins will often misfold. Amono cerebrosclerosis, one of these aggregation diseases, where the cerebral tissue of an amono hardens until unusable, is one of the most common age-related causes of death.

== Behaviour ==

=== Heat cycle ===
Amono exhibit an annual heat cycle that lasts for about 26 days of their 468,354 local- (35,224 hr) day-long year. When within the year this period happens varies from individual to individual. During the rest of the year, amono have little to no desire for sexual activity. However, during the heat cycle, amono of either sex undergo a heightening of their sex drive, motivating them to reproduce. How strong this drive is also varies highly among individuals, but usually it is comparable to the average libido of any other species that doesn't have specific mating periods. Amono are otherwise capable of experiencing romance and affection year-round.

=== Sleep cycle and pseudo-hibernation ===
An amono's sleep cycle is quite long when compared to other sophonts—they sleep for around 12 to 14 hours, being most active around dusk. During the winter (and generally triggered by low temperatures), amono experience an instinctive desire to sleep for prolonged periods of time; while not long enough to be considered hibernation, this ''pseudo-hibernation'' causes them to sleep for most of the day, usually around 23 to 25 hours, almost double their normal sleep cycle.{{Sophonts}}

Comparison of known biotas

2026-05-24T01:52:27Z

Maxisnt:

{{WIP}}

This article compares the biochemistry and characteristics of the [[CoSM:Glossary#Biota|biotas]] within the [[CoSM:Glossary#Populated cosmos|populated cosmos]].

== Overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Feature
! colspan="4" |Cevobiota
! rowspan="2" |Maiabiota
! rowspan="2" |Zoabiota
! rowspan="2" |Kannobiota
! rowspan="2" |Telebiota
! rowspan="2" |Araiobiota
! rowspan="2" |Enyabiota
! rowspan="2" |Atavalpobiota
! rowspan="2" |Clannadobiota
|-
!Cytobiota
!Erdobiota
!Vitobiota
!Óótobiota
|-
! colspan="2" |Planet
| colspan="2" |[[World]]
|[[Julee]]
|[[Elm]]
|[[Maaya]]
|[[Celiane]]
|[[Kanno]]
|[[The Farthest Land]]
|[[Arai]]
|[[Enya]]
|[[Atahualpa]]
|[[Clannad]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Solvent
| colspan="8" |[[wikipedia:Water|Water]]
|[[wikipedia:Ammonia|Ammonia]]
| colspan="3" |Water
|-
! colspan="2" |Genetic storage
| colspan="4" |DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Inositol nucleic disc|INDs]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Glyconucleic acid|GNA]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic laminar polymer|FNLP]]
|DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic polycobaltocene|NPC]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic dendropolymer|DNDP]]
|FNDP
|RNLP
|-
! colspan="2" |Energy storage
| colspan="4" |ATP
|Sphrigonatrin
|Polyphosphate chains
|[[Wikipedia:Flavin mononucleotide|Flavin mononucleotide]]
|[[Wikipedia:Guanosine triphosphate|GTP]]
|[[Wikipedia:hydrazine|Hydrazine]]
|?
|Pyrroloquinoline quinone
|?
|-
! rowspan="2" |Chirality of...
!Amino acids
| colspan="4" |Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|-
!Sugars
| colspan="4" |Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|-
! colspan="2" |Amino acid count
| colspan="4" |20
|26
|12
|23
|22
|18
|21
|28
|25
|-
! colspan="14" |Non-universal prolific characteristics
|-
! colspan="2" |Blood oxygen binder
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Haemoglobin|haemoglobin]])
|Clunium (clunocruorin)
|Cobalt ([[Wikipedia:Coboglobin|coboglobin]])
|Iron (haemoglobin)
|Iron (ferroglobin)
|Iron-copper complex (FeCubin)
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Chlorocruorin|chlorocruorin]])
|Copper ([[Wikipedia:Haemocyanin|haemocyanin]])
|Titanium (azotorespirin-W)
|Nickel (niccocruorin)
|Manganese (manganocruorin)
|Copper (haemocyanin)
|-
! colspan="2" |Photosynthetic pigment
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Chlorophyll|Chlorophyll]]
|[[Wikipedia:Biliverdin|Biliverdin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Phycoerythrin|Phycoerythrin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Rhodopsin|Rhodopsin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Indigo dye|Indigo]]
|[[Wikipedia:Lycopene|Lycopene]]
|[[Wikipedia:Bacteriochlorophyll e|Bacteriochlorophyll e]]
|Corrin-like violet pigment
|[[Wikipedia:Methylene blue|Methylene blue]]
|Chlorophyll
|[[Wikipedia:Riboflavin|Riboflavin]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Bone mineral
| colspan="4" |[[Wikipedia:Hydroxyapatite|Hydroxyapatite]]
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Whitlockite|Whitlockite]]
|[[Wikipedia:Struvite|Struvite]]-[[Wikipedia:Collagen|collagen]] complex
|[[Wikipedia:Lignin|Lignin]]
|Magnesium-ammonium-phosphate mineral
| colspan="2" |Hydroxyapatite
|Struvite-collagen complex
|}

== Genetic storage ==

=== Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids ===
{{Main|wikipedia:DNA}}

=== Glyconucleic acid ===
[[File:Genetics-gna.svg|thumb|Glyconucleic acid.]]
GNA ('''g'''lyco'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is the genetic storage polymer used by [[Celiane|Celianese]] life. It consists of a glycol-phosphate backbone and two discrete nucleobases (2-amino-8-(2-thienyl)purine and [[wikipedia:2-pyridone|2-pyridone]]), forming [[wikipedia:Watson-Crick pair|Watson-Crick base pairs]] that combine into 4-base codons. This means that life in Celiane produces the fewest number of amino acids of any known biochemistry by far (only 12: [[wikipedia:Gly|Gly]], [[wikipedia:Proline|Pro]], [[wikipedia:Cys|Cys]], [[wikipedia:Histidine|His]], [[wikipedia:Serine|Ser]], [[wikipedia:Alanine|Ala]], [[wikipedia:Leucine|Leu]], [[wikipedia:Glutamic acid|Glu]], [[wikipedia:Arginine|Arg]], [[wikipedia:Tyrosine|Tyr]], [[wikipedia:Gln|Gln]], [[wikipedia:Valine|Val]]). The lack of amino acids is compensated by other macromolecules and cofactors (vitamins, minerals, organometallic compounds) filling the same niches.

As a result of this, Celianese organisms' biological processes tend to be strikingly different:

* Neural pathways are simpler and much more reliant on electrical synapses (over chemical).
* Immune systems are enzymatic rather than cellular.
* Fewer, simpler proteins entail less chances for misfolding and protein aggregation, rendering diseases like [[wikipedia:Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]], [[wikipedia:Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]], [[wikipedia:ALS|ALS]], etc., exceedingly rare, almost impossible.
* Faster, simpler biosynthetic processes lead to advantages such as faster wound healing and tissue regeneration.
* High-metal-cofactor systems require high-metal-content diets, specifically iron, copper, zinc, manganese and especially magnesium.
* Structures that might be keratinous in CEVO group organisms (fur, hair, claws, nails...) are instead primarily chitinous.
* Better chemical sensing capabilities due to higher cofactor diversity.

=== Inositol nucleic disc ===
[[File:Genetics-ind.svg|thumb|Single IND. Position 2 is depicted darker and longer to denote its importance for hosting the start-stop group.]]
''Inositol nucleic discs'' (abbreviated INDs) are the main [[Maaya|Maayan]] genetic information storage chemical. They are near-flat wheels, a central cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (''myo-inositol'') molecule in the middle, with positions 2, 3, 5 and 6 recording information by changing groups ([[wikipedia:Methyl group|methyl]], [[wikipedia:Amino group|amino]], [[wikipedia:Carboxyl group|carboxyl]] and [[wikipedia:Hydroxyl group|hydroxyl]]). These discs are stacked together in long cylindrical polymers, similar to DNA, linking together in positions 1 and 4 through phosphate groups. Position 2, being axial, serves as a start/stop point for enzymes reading the information.

With 4 states possible per 4 positions, the possible disc combinations add up to a total of 256 combinations. However, despite the large number of combinations, the genome only encodes for around 26 amino acids, with many disc configurations being redundant. This implies that there is a hard limit of possible amino acid biosynthesis pathways. The leading theory is that ancestral lifeforms on Maaya encoded for many more amino acids, but only those with few remained, while every other evolutionary line perished due to exponentially more frequent and deadly protein misfolding and Alzheimer's-like aggregation events. As proteins became bigger and more complex, there were more opportunities for them to synthesise wrong. Even today, one of the top death causes among [[amono]] is ACS (amono cerebrosclerosis, the hardening of brain tissue due to massive protein aggregation), almost as common as cancer.

INDs are ''highly'' mutation-resistant as a result of their chemical stability. However, genetic repair enzymes on Maaya are much less efficient than their CEVO group equivalents (the biological unit group that includes World and Earth cells), making it easier for a mutation to slip through and become a permanent, inheritable part of the genome.

A common genetic issue is the sticking together of the oppositely-charged carboxyl and amino groups in the genome. This condition (called ''cytoplasmic potassium salt deficiency'' or CPSD) arises from imbalances in the usually potassium-salt-rich nuclear cytoplasm, which shields these groups from interacting. The IND strands become tangled and unreadable, leading to cells undergoing rapid necrosis if K-salts (especially [[wikipedia:Potassium sulfate|potassium sulfate]]) are not reintroduced into the system.

=== Nucleic dendropolymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fndp.svg|thumb|FNDP visualised.]]
NDPs ('''n'''ucleic '''d'''endro'''p'''olymers), chiefly ''gene-trees'', are the main [[Atahualpa|Atahualpan]] and [[Enya|Enyan]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are dendritic polymers that encode information in tridimensional patterns, using [[Wikipedia:Deoxyribose|deoxyribose]] in Enya and [[Wikipedia:Fuculose|fuculose]] in Atahualpa as backbones, and about three to four distinct bases for actual storage. The kind of branch encodes the type of amino acid being encoded, with the nucleobases at the ends providing further specification. These patterns (of 3 bases in Enya and 4 in Atahualpa) are somewhat hard to predict, and mutations would be very common, were it not for genetic repair enzymes in these biotas being very efficient. Mutations occur at about the same pace as they do in DNA-based organisms.

Fuculonucleic dendropolymer, being capable of making very complex proteins with the 28 amino acids it encodes for, can also cause problems in the long run. Atavalpobiota suffer from an elevated risk of protein misfolding and aggregation diseases, even more than maiabiota.

=== Nucleic laminar polymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fnlp.svg|thumb|Visual representation of Kannoan FNLP.]]
NLPs ('''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymers), chiefly ''genetic tape'' or ''genetic laminar'', are the main [[Kanno|Kannoan]] and [[Clannad|Clannadian]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are long, flat molecular ribbons that store information through patterns utilising two chemicals, the ''bases''. These bases form two- (in simpler organisms) to six-base-wide lines (in most multicellular life) that go horizontally across the tape's width.

An important distinguishing factor of NLPs is their continuous-pattern genomes: each line in the genetic code influences the next. Sequences of lines form semi-predictable combinations, owing to the tendency of their bases to form labyrinthine chemical patterns. This pattern-based structure is inherently self-healing, in that, were a mutation to occur, enzymes would rapidly recognise it and rearrange the molecules to match the surrounding pattern. However, this system is not perfect, and lines that are "close enough" to matching are left as-is. This provides the NLPs with ample room to mutate and adapt to environmental constraints.

Kannoan FNLP ('''f'''uco'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses [[wikipedia:Fucose|fucose]] backbones and 2-aminopyrimidine and 2,4-dioxopyrimidine for data encoding, while Clannadian RNLP ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses ribose backbones, much like RNA. These two biochemistries are fundamentally incompatible:

* Kannoan FNLP is typically six bases wide, while Clannadian RNLP usually has only five.
* Even in sequences with the same width, the same base combinations encode for different amino acids.

=== Nucleic polycobaltocene ===
[[File:Genetics-npc.svg|thumb|NPC visualised.]]
''Nucleic polycobaltocene'' (NPC for short) is the main method of genetic encoding in [[Arai]]. Unlike all other known life taxa, Arai life is unique in its use of the inherent magnetic properties of different metal ion oxidation states for data storage, instead of chemical reactions. This works due to the planet's freezing cold temperatures helping to maintain magnetic properties stable, and the use of ammonia as a solvent instead of water.

NPC makes use of cobalt in three distinct oxidation states: the diamagnetic Co+ and Co3+ and the paramagnetic Co2+. These cobalt ions are bound together by [[wikipedia:Cyclopentadienyl|cyclopentadienyl]] anions in a Co-Cp-Co-Cp-[...] structure, giving the molecule a slightly twisting rod shape. "Codons" in this system are 3 cobalts long, thus allowing for 27 combinations that encode a total of 18 amino acids. Mutations are known to happen, primarily in the form of oxidation state changes (Co3+ ↔ Co2+ ↔ Co+). Due to its molecular structure as a polymetallocene, NPC is the thinnest genetic polymer known to exist.

Metabolic strains have led Arai life to find ways to greatly regulate cobalt levels in their cytoplasm. The main distinguishing feature of [[Cobonephrota|cobonephrotes]] (the domain containing the extinct [[Nene (species)|organic stage nene]]) is the development of a specialised organelle, the ''cobonephrus'', which regulates cobalt levels in the cell, filtering out excess and warning the organism whenever there is a deficiency. Other cellular characteristics include [[wikipedia:Acrylonitrile|acrylonitrile]] cell membranes and [[wikipedia:Polyphosphazene|polyphosphazene]] cell walls.

Due to the very nature of NPC's data storage, high temperatures and strong magnetic fields might tear apart the genome, leading to effects similar to radiation exposure.

== Energy storage ==

=== Flavin mononucleotide ===
Flavin mononucleotide is used in Kanno as an energy carrier. It is a redox carrier: it stores energy as FMNH2, and releases it by reoxidising back into FMN. The high oxygen atmosphere of Kanno contributes to the use of FMN as molecular oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, guaranteeing continuous energy turnover. A byproduct of the O2 reduction involved in this metabolic process is reactive oxygen species. This is counteracted by antioxidative metabolic processes which have evolved independently several times in nearly all taxa of Kanno. One of these, almost universal in all Kannoan flora, is lycopene, generated abundantly by the native flora of the planet as both a photosynthetic pigment and an antioxidant. Many herbivorous species are dependent on lycopene as a result, and have de-evolved ancestral, less efficient antioxidative systems.

=== Hydrazine ===
Hydrazine (N2H4) is the energy storage molecule used by the biota of Arai. It oxidises to molecular nitrogen as its terminal reaction, which itself is what Arai life depends on for respiration, thereby completing a metabolic loop.

=== Polyphosphate chains ===
Polyphosphates are the energy storage macromolecules used in the biota of Celiane. They are inorganic polymers with several points of cleavage, whose energy potential scales with their length. Any number of units may be cleaved at once, a mechanism exploited by zoabiota for precise energy spending and control. Phosphorus is therefore central to Zoan life, and is both a high-importance dietary requirement and the main metabolic waste product.

=== Sphrigocalcin ===
Life on Maaya utilises a specialised molecule named ''sphrigocalcin'' for energy storage. It binds three calcium ions which are then spent by releasing them into the cytoplasm. Maayan life therefore has a high need for calcium salts. Due to its high metabolic priority, Maayan life has evolved extremely efficient calcium recycling systems, and as such is rarely excreted. Sphrigocalcin itself is heavier than ATP, and its ratio of energy-per-mass is lower. Maayan life compensates by having larger, more specialised proteins which accomplish more tasks at once for less energy spent. The large 26-amino-acid proteome of maiabiota is likely a result of this energy constraint.
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]

Comparison of known biotas

2026-05-23T23:18:18Z

Maxisnt: /* Nucleic laminar polymer */

{{WIP}}

This article compares the biochemistry and characteristics of the [[CoSM:Glossary#Biota|biotas]] within the [[CoSM:Glossary#Populated cosmos|populated cosmos]].

== Overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Feature
! colspan="4" |Cevobiota
! rowspan="2" |Maiabiota
! rowspan="2" |Zoabiota
! rowspan="2" |Kannobiota
! rowspan="2" |Telebiota
! rowspan="2" |Araiobiota
! rowspan="2" |Enyabiota
! rowspan="2" |Atavalpobiota
! rowspan="2" |Clannadobiota
|-
!Cytobiota
!Erdobiota
!Vitobiota
!Óótobiota
|-
! colspan="2" |Planet
| colspan="2" |[[World]]
|[[Julee]]
|[[Elm]]
|[[Maaya]]
|[[Celiane]]
|[[Kanno]]
|[[The Farthest Land]]
|[[Arai]]
|[[Enya]]
|[[Atahualpa]]
|[[Clannad]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Solvent
| colspan="8" |[[wikipedia:Water|Water]]
|[[wikipedia:Ammonia|Ammonia]]
| colspan="3" |Water
|-
! colspan="2" |Genetic storage
| colspan="4" |DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Inositol nucleic disc|INDs]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Glyconucleic acid|GNA]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic laminar polymer|FNLP]]
|DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic polycobaltocene|NPC]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic dendropolymer|DNDP]]
|FNDP
|RNLP
|-
! colspan="2" |Energy storage
| colspan="4" |ATP
|Sphrigocalin (binds 3 potassium ions for energy storage)
|Polyphosphate chains
|[[wikipedia:Pyrroloquinoline quinone|Pyrroloquinoline quinone]]
|[[Wikipedia:Guanosine triphosphate|GTP]]
|[[wikipedia:Corrin|Corrin]]-like molecule, redox based
|?
|Pyrroloquinoline quinone
|Polyphosphate chains
|-
! rowspan="2" |Chirality of...
!Amino acids
| colspan="4" |Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|-
!Sugars
| colspan="4" |Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|-
! colspan="2" |Amino acid count
| colspan="4" |20
|26
|12
|23
|22
|18
|21
|28
|25
|-
! colspan="14" |Non-universal prolific characteristics
|-
! colspan="2" |Blood oxygen binder
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Haemoglobin|haemoglobin]])
|Clunium (clunocruorin)
|Cobalt ([[Wikipedia:Coboglobin|coboglobin]])
|Iron (haemoglobin)
|Iron (ferroglobin)
|Iron-copper complex (FeCubin)
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Chlorocruorin|chlorocruorin]])
|Copper ([[Wikipedia:Haemocyanin|haemocyanin]])
|Titanium (azotorespirin-W)
|Nickel (niccocruorin)
|Manganese (manganocruorin)
|Copper (haemocyanin)
|-
! colspan="2" |Photosynthetic pigment
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Chlorophyll|Chlorophyll]]
|[[Wikipedia:Biliverdin|Biliverdin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Phycoerythrin|Phycoerythrin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Rhodopsin|Rhodopsin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Indigo dye|Indigo]]
|[[Wikipedia:Lycopene|Lycopene]]
|[[Wikipedia:Bacteriochlorophyll e|Bacteriochlorophyll e]]
|Corrin-like violet pigment
|[[Wikipedia:Methylene blue|Methylene blue]]
|Chlorophyll
|[[Wikipedia:Riboflavin|Riboflavin]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Bone mineral
| colspan="4" |[[Wikipedia:Hydroxyapatite|Hydroxyapatite]]
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Whitlockite|Whitlockite]]
|[[Wikipedia:Struvite|Struvite]]-[[Wikipedia:Collagen|collagen]] complex
|[[Wikipedia:Lignin|Lignin]]
|Magnesium-ammonium-phosphate mineral
| colspan="2" |Hydroxyapatite
|Struvite-collagen complex
|}

== Genetic storage ==

=== Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids ===
{{Main|wikipedia:DNA}}

=== Glyconucleic acid ===
[[File:Genetics-gna.svg|thumb|Glyconucleic acid.]]
GNA ('''g'''lyco'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is the genetic storage polymer used by [[Celiane|Celianese]] life. It consists of a glycol-phosphate backbone and two discrete nucleobases (2-amino-8-(2-thienyl)purine and [[wikipedia:2-pyridone|2-pyridone]]), forming [[wikipedia:Watson-Crick pair|Watson-Crick base pairs]] that combine into 4-base codons. This means that life in Celiane produces the fewest number of amino acids of any known biochemistry by far (only 12: [[wikipedia:Gly|Gly]], [[wikipedia:Proline|Pro]], [[wikipedia:Cys|Cys]], [[wikipedia:Histidine|His]], [[wikipedia:Serine|Ser]], [[wikipedia:Alanine|Ala]], [[wikipedia:Leucine|Leu]], [[wikipedia:Glutamic acid|Glu]], [[wikipedia:Arginine|Arg]], [[wikipedia:Tyrosine|Tyr]], [[wikipedia:Gln|Gln]], [[wikipedia:Valine|Val]]). The lack of amino acids is compensated by other macromolecules and cofactors (vitamins, minerals, organometallic compounds) filling the same niches.

As a result of this, Celianese organisms' biological processes tend to be strikingly different:

* Neural pathways are simpler and much more reliant on electrical synapses (over chemical).
* Immune systems are enzymatic rather than cellular.
* Fewer, simpler proteins entail less chances for misfolding and protein aggregation, rendering diseases like [[wikipedia:Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]], [[wikipedia:Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]], [[wikipedia:ALS|ALS]], etc., exceedingly rare, almost impossible.
* Faster, simpler biosynthetic processes lead to advantages such as faster wound healing and tissue regeneration.
* High-metal-cofactor systems require high-metal-content diets, specifically iron, copper, zinc, manganese and especially magnesium.
* Structures that might be keratinous in CEVO group organisms (fur, hair, claws, nails...) are instead primarily chitinous.
* Better chemical sensing capabilities due to higher cofactor diversity.

=== Inositol nucleic disc ===
[[File:Genetics-ind.svg|thumb|Single IND. Position 2 is depicted darker and longer to denote its importance for hosting the start-stop group.]]
''Inositol nucleic discs'' (abbreviated INDs) are the main [[Maaya|Maayan]] genetic information storage chemical. They are near-flat wheels, a central cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (''myo-inositol'') molecule in the middle, with positions 2, 3, 5 and 6 recording information by changing groups ([[wikipedia:Methyl group|methyl]], [[wikipedia:Amino group|amino]], [[wikipedia:Carboxyl group|carboxyl]] and [[wikipedia:Hydroxyl group|hydroxyl]]). These discs are stacked together in long cylindrical polymers, similar to DNA, linking together in positions 1 and 4 through phosphate groups. Position 2, being axial, serves as a start/stop point for enzymes reading the information.

With 4 states possible per 4 positions, the possible disc combinations add up to a total of 256 combinations. However, despite the large number of combinations, the genome only encodes for around 26 amino acids, with many disc configurations being redundant. This implies that there is a hard limit of possible amino acid biosynthesis pathways. The leading theory is that ancestral lifeforms on Maaya encoded for many more amino acids, but only those with few remained, while every other evolutionary line perished due to exponentially more frequent and deadly protein misfolding and Alzheimer's-like aggregation events. As proteins became bigger and more complex, there were more opportunities for them to synthesise wrong. Even today, one of the top death causes among [[amono]] is ACS (amono cerebrosclerosis, the hardening of brain tissue due to massive protein aggregation), almost as common as cancer.

INDs are ''highly'' mutation-resistant as a result of their chemical stability. However, genetic repair enzymes on Maaya are much less efficient than their CEVO group equivalents (the biological unit group that includes World and Earth cells), making it easier for a mutation to slip through and become a permanent, inheritable part of the genome.

A common genetic issue is the sticking together of the oppositely-charged carboxyl and amino groups in the genome. This condition (called ''cytoplasmic potassium salt deficiency'' or CPSD) arises from imbalances in the usually potassium-salt-rich nuclear cytoplasm, which shields these groups from interacting. The IND strands become tangled and unreadable, leading to cells undergoing rapid necrosis if K-salts (especially [[wikipedia:Potassium sulfate|potassium sulfate]]) are not reintroduced into the system.

=== Nucleic dendropolymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fndp.svg|thumb|FNDP visualised.]]
NDPs ('''n'''ucleic '''d'''endro'''p'''olymers), chiefly ''gene-trees'', are the main [[Atahualpa|Atahualpan]] and [[Enya|Enyan]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are dendritic polymers that encode information in tridimensional patterns, using [[Wikipedia:Deoxyribose|deoxyribose]] in Enya and [[Wikipedia:Fuculose|fuculose]] in Atahualpa as backbones, and about three to four distinct bases for actual storage. The kind of branch encodes the type of amino acid being encoded, with the nucleobases at the ends providing further specification. These patterns (of 3 bases in Enya and 4 in Atahualpa) are somewhat hard to predict, and mutations would be very common, were it not for genetic repair enzymes in these biotas being very efficient. Mutations occur at about the same pace as they do in DNA-based organisms.

Fuculonucleic dendropolymer, being capable of making very complex proteins with the 28 amino acids it encodes for, can also cause problems in the long run. Atavalpobiota suffer from an elevated risk of protein misfolding and aggregation diseases, even more than maiabiota.

=== Nucleic laminar polymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fnlp.svg|thumb|Visual representation of Kannoan FNLP.]]
NLPs ('''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymers), chiefly ''genetic tape'' or ''genetic laminar'', are the main [[Kanno|Kannoan]] and [[Clannad|Clannadian]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are long, flat molecular ribbons that store information through patterns utilising two chemicals, the ''bases''. These bases form two- (in simpler organisms) to six-base-wide lines (in most multicellular life) that go horizontally across the tape's width.

An important distinguishing factor of NLPs is their continuous-pattern genomes: each line in the genetic code influences the next. Sequences of lines form semi-predictable combinations, owing to the tendency of their bases to form labyrinthine chemical patterns. This pattern-based structure is inherently self-healing, in that, were a mutation to occur, enzymes would rapidly recognise it and rearrange the molecules to match the surrounding pattern. However, this system is not perfect, and lines that are "close enough" to matching are left as-is. This provides the NLPs with ample room to mutate and adapt to environmental constraints.

Kannoan FNLP ('''f'''uco'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses [[wikipedia:Fucose|fucose]] backbones and 2-aminopyrimidine and 2,4-dioxopyrimidine for data encoding, while Clannadian RNLP ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses ribose backbones, much like RNA. These two biochemistries are fundamentally incompatible:

* Kannoan FNLP is typically six bases wide, while Clannadian RNLP usually has only five.
* Even in sequences with the same width, the same base combinations encode for different amino acids.

=== Nucleic polycobaltocene ===
[[File:Genetics-npc.svg|thumb|NPC visualised.]]
''Nucleic polycobaltocene'' (NPC for short) is the main method of genetic encoding in [[Arai]]. Unlike all other known life taxa, Arai life is unique in its use of the inherent magnetic properties of different metal ion oxidation states for data storage, instead of chemical reactions. This works due to the planet's freezing cold temperatures helping to maintain magnetic properties stable, and the use of ammonia as a solvent instead of water.

NPC makes use of cobalt in three distinct oxidation states: the diamagnetic Co+ and Co3+ and the paramagnetic Co2+. These cobalt ions are bound together by [[wikipedia:Cyclopentadienyl|cyclopentadienyl]] anions in a Co-Cp-Co-Cp-[...] structure, giving the molecule a slightly twisting rod shape. "Codons" in this system are 3 cobalts long, thus allowing for 27 combinations that encode a total of 18 amino acids. Mutations are known to happen, primarily in the form of oxidation state changes (Co3+ ↔ Co2+ ↔ Co+). Due to its molecular structure as a polymetallocene, NPC is the thinnest genetic polymer known to exist.

Metabolic strains have led Arai life to find ways to greatly regulate cobalt levels in their cytoplasm. The main distinguishing feature of [[Cobonephrota|cobonephrotes]] (the domain containing the extinct [[Nene (species)|organic stage nene]]) is the development of a specialised organelle, the ''cobonephrus'', which regulates cobalt levels in the cell, filtering out excess and warning the organism whenever there is a deficiency. Other cellular characteristics include [[wikipedia:Acrylonitrile|acrylonitrile]] cell membranes and [[wikipedia:Polyphosphazene|polyphosphazene]] cell walls.

Due to the very nature of NPC's data storage, high temperatures and strong magnetic fields might tear apart the genome, leading to effects similar to radiation exposure.
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]

Comparison of known biotas

2026-05-23T23:17:45Z

Maxisnt: /* Nucleic laminar polymer */

{{WIP}}

This article compares the biochemistry and characteristics of the [[CoSM:Glossary#Biota|biotas]] within the [[CoSM:Glossary#Populated cosmos|populated cosmos]].

== Overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Feature
! colspan="4" |Cevobiota
! rowspan="2" |Maiabiota
! rowspan="2" |Zoabiota
! rowspan="2" |Kannobiota
! rowspan="2" |Telebiota
! rowspan="2" |Araiobiota
! rowspan="2" |Enyabiota
! rowspan="2" |Atavalpobiota
! rowspan="2" |Clannadobiota
|-
!Cytobiota
!Erdobiota
!Vitobiota
!Óótobiota
|-
! colspan="2" |Planet
| colspan="2" |[[World]]
|[[Julee]]
|[[Elm]]
|[[Maaya]]
|[[Celiane]]
|[[Kanno]]
|[[The Farthest Land]]
|[[Arai]]
|[[Enya]]
|[[Atahualpa]]
|[[Clannad]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Solvent
| colspan="8" |[[wikipedia:Water|Water]]
|[[wikipedia:Ammonia|Ammonia]]
| colspan="3" |Water
|-
! colspan="2" |Genetic storage
| colspan="4" |DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Inositol nucleic disc|INDs]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Glyconucleic acid|GNA]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic laminar polymer|FNLP]]
|DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic polycobaltocene|NPC]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic dendropolymer|DNDP]]
|FNDP
|RNLP
|-
! colspan="2" |Energy storage
| colspan="4" |ATP
|Sphrigocalin (binds 3 potassium ions for energy storage)
|Polyphosphate chains
|[[wikipedia:Pyrroloquinoline quinone|Pyrroloquinoline quinone]]
|[[Wikipedia:Guanosine triphosphate|GTP]]
|[[wikipedia:Corrin|Corrin]]-like molecule, redox based
|?
|Pyrroloquinoline quinone
|Polyphosphate chains
|-
! rowspan="2" |Chirality of...
!Amino acids
| colspan="4" |Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|-
!Sugars
| colspan="4" |Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|-
! colspan="2" |Amino acid count
| colspan="4" |20
|26
|12
|23
|22
|18
|21
|28
|25
|-
! colspan="14" |Non-universal prolific characteristics
|-
! colspan="2" |Blood oxygen binder
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Haemoglobin|haemoglobin]])
|Clunium (clunocruorin)
|Cobalt ([[Wikipedia:Coboglobin|coboglobin]])
|Iron (haemoglobin)
|Iron (ferroglobin)
|Iron-copper complex (FeCubin)
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Chlorocruorin|chlorocruorin]])
|Copper ([[Wikipedia:Haemocyanin|haemocyanin]])
|Titanium (azotorespirin-W)
|Nickel (niccocruorin)
|Manganese (manganocruorin)
|Copper (haemocyanin)
|-
! colspan="2" |Photosynthetic pigment
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Chlorophyll|Chlorophyll]]
|[[Wikipedia:Biliverdin|Biliverdin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Phycoerythrin|Phycoerythrin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Rhodopsin|Rhodopsin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Indigo dye|Indigo]]
|[[Wikipedia:Lycopene|Lycopene]]
|[[Wikipedia:Bacteriochlorophyll e|Bacteriochlorophyll e]]
|Corrin-like violet pigment
|[[Wikipedia:Methylene blue|Methylene blue]]
|Chlorophyll
|[[Wikipedia:Riboflavin|Riboflavin]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Bone mineral
| colspan="4" |[[Wikipedia:Hydroxyapatite|Hydroxyapatite]]
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Whitlockite|Whitlockite]]
|[[Wikipedia:Struvite|Struvite]]-[[Wikipedia:Collagen|collagen]] complex
|[[Wikipedia:Lignin|Lignin]]
|Magnesium-ammonium-phosphate mineral
| colspan="2" |Hydroxyapatite
|Struvite-collagen complex
|}

== Genetic storage ==

=== Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids ===
{{Main|wikipedia:DNA}}

=== Glyconucleic acid ===
[[File:Genetics-gna.svg|thumb|Glyconucleic acid.]]
GNA ('''g'''lyco'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is the genetic storage polymer used by [[Celiane|Celianese]] life. It consists of a glycol-phosphate backbone and two discrete nucleobases (2-amino-8-(2-thienyl)purine and [[wikipedia:2-pyridone|2-pyridone]]), forming [[wikipedia:Watson-Crick pair|Watson-Crick base pairs]] that combine into 4-base codons. This means that life in Celiane produces the fewest number of amino acids of any known biochemistry by far (only 12: [[wikipedia:Gly|Gly]], [[wikipedia:Proline|Pro]], [[wikipedia:Cys|Cys]], [[wikipedia:Histidine|His]], [[wikipedia:Serine|Ser]], [[wikipedia:Alanine|Ala]], [[wikipedia:Leucine|Leu]], [[wikipedia:Glutamic acid|Glu]], [[wikipedia:Arginine|Arg]], [[wikipedia:Tyrosine|Tyr]], [[wikipedia:Gln|Gln]], [[wikipedia:Valine|Val]]). The lack of amino acids is compensated by other macromolecules and cofactors (vitamins, minerals, organometallic compounds) filling the same niches.

As a result of this, Celianese organisms' biological processes tend to be strikingly different:

* Neural pathways are simpler and much more reliant on electrical synapses (over chemical).
* Immune systems are enzymatic rather than cellular.
* Fewer, simpler proteins entail less chances for misfolding and protein aggregation, rendering diseases like [[wikipedia:Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]], [[wikipedia:Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]], [[wikipedia:ALS|ALS]], etc., exceedingly rare, almost impossible.
* Faster, simpler biosynthetic processes lead to advantages such as faster wound healing and tissue regeneration.
* High-metal-cofactor systems require high-metal-content diets, specifically iron, copper, zinc, manganese and especially magnesium.
* Structures that might be keratinous in CEVO group organisms (fur, hair, claws, nails...) are instead primarily chitinous.
* Better chemical sensing capabilities due to higher cofactor diversity.

=== Inositol nucleic disc ===
[[File:Genetics-ind.svg|thumb|Single IND. Position 2 is depicted darker and longer to denote its importance for hosting the start-stop group.]]
''Inositol nucleic discs'' (abbreviated INDs) are the main [[Maaya|Maayan]] genetic information storage chemical. They are near-flat wheels, a central cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (''myo-inositol'') molecule in the middle, with positions 2, 3, 5 and 6 recording information by changing groups ([[wikipedia:Methyl group|methyl]], [[wikipedia:Amino group|amino]], [[wikipedia:Carboxyl group|carboxyl]] and [[wikipedia:Hydroxyl group|hydroxyl]]). These discs are stacked together in long cylindrical polymers, similar to DNA, linking together in positions 1 and 4 through phosphate groups. Position 2, being axial, serves as a start/stop point for enzymes reading the information.

With 4 states possible per 4 positions, the possible disc combinations add up to a total of 256 combinations. However, despite the large number of combinations, the genome only encodes for around 26 amino acids, with many disc configurations being redundant. This implies that there is a hard limit of possible amino acid biosynthesis pathways. The leading theory is that ancestral lifeforms on Maaya encoded for many more amino acids, but only those with few remained, while every other evolutionary line perished due to exponentially more frequent and deadly protein misfolding and Alzheimer's-like aggregation events. As proteins became bigger and more complex, there were more opportunities for them to synthesise wrong. Even today, one of the top death causes among [[amono]] is ACS (amono cerebrosclerosis, the hardening of brain tissue due to massive protein aggregation), almost as common as cancer.

INDs are ''highly'' mutation-resistant as a result of their chemical stability. However, genetic repair enzymes on Maaya are much less efficient than their CEVO group equivalents (the biological unit group that includes World and Earth cells), making it easier for a mutation to slip through and become a permanent, inheritable part of the genome.

A common genetic issue is the sticking together of the oppositely-charged carboxyl and amino groups in the genome. This condition (called ''cytoplasmic potassium salt deficiency'' or CPSD) arises from imbalances in the usually potassium-salt-rich nuclear cytoplasm, which shields these groups from interacting. The IND strands become tangled and unreadable, leading to cells undergoing rapid necrosis if K-salts (especially [[wikipedia:Potassium sulfate|potassium sulfate]]) are not reintroduced into the system.

=== Nucleic dendropolymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fndp.svg|thumb|FNDP visualised.]]
NDPs ('''n'''ucleic '''d'''endro'''p'''olymers), chiefly ''gene-trees'', are the main [[Atahualpa|Atahualpan]] and [[Enya|Enyan]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are dendritic polymers that encode information in tridimensional patterns, using [[Wikipedia:Deoxyribose|deoxyribose]] in Enya and [[Wikipedia:Fuculose|fuculose]] in Atahualpa as backbones, and about three to four distinct bases for actual storage. The kind of branch encodes the type of amino acid being encoded, with the nucleobases at the ends providing further specification. These patterns (of 3 bases in Enya and 4 in Atahualpa) are somewhat hard to predict, and mutations would be very common, were it not for genetic repair enzymes in these biotas being very efficient. Mutations occur at about the same pace as they do in DNA-based organisms.

Fuculonucleic dendropolymer, being capable of making very complex proteins with the 28 amino acids it encodes for, can also cause problems in the long run. Atavalpobiota suffer from an elevated risk of protein misfolding and aggregation diseases, even more than maiabiota.

=== Nucleic laminar polymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fnlp.svg|thumb|Visual representation of Kannoan FNLP.]]
NLPs ('''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymers), chiefly ''genetic tape'' or ''genetic laminar'', are the main [[Kanno|Kannoan]] and [[Clannad|Clannadian]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are long, flat molecular ribbons that store information through patterns utilising two chemicals, the ''bases''. These bases form two- (in simpler organisms) to six-base-wide lines (in most multicellular life) that go horizontally across the tape's width.

An important distinguishing factor of NLPs is their continuous-pattern genomes: each line in the genetic code influences the next. Sequences of lines form semi-predictable combinations, owing to the tendency of their bases to form labyrinthine chemical patterns. This pattern-based structure is inherently self-healing, in that, were a mutation to occur, enzymes would rapidly recognise it and rearrange the molecules to match the surrounding pattern. However, this system is not perfect, and lines that are "close enough" to matching the surrounding pattern are left as-is. This provides the NLPs with ample room to mutate and adapt to environmental constraints.

Kannoan FNLP ('''f'''uco'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses [[wikipedia:Fucose|fucose]] backbones and 2-aminopyrimidine and 2,4-dioxopyrimidine for data encoding, while Clannadian RNLP ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses ribose backbones, much like RNA. These two biochemistries are fundamentally incompatible:

* Kannoan FNLP is typically six bases wide, while Clannadian RNLP usually has only five.
* Even in sequences with the same width, the same base combinations encode for different amino acids.

=== Nucleic polycobaltocene ===
[[File:Genetics-npc.svg|thumb|NPC visualised.]]
''Nucleic polycobaltocene'' (NPC for short) is the main method of genetic encoding in [[Arai]]. Unlike all other known life taxa, Arai life is unique in its use of the inherent magnetic properties of different metal ion oxidation states for data storage, instead of chemical reactions. This works due to the planet's freezing cold temperatures helping to maintain magnetic properties stable, and the use of ammonia as a solvent instead of water.

NPC makes use of cobalt in three distinct oxidation states: the diamagnetic Co+ and Co3+ and the paramagnetic Co2+. These cobalt ions are bound together by [[wikipedia:Cyclopentadienyl|cyclopentadienyl]] anions in a Co-Cp-Co-Cp-[...] structure, giving the molecule a slightly twisting rod shape. "Codons" in this system are 3 cobalts long, thus allowing for 27 combinations that encode a total of 18 amino acids. Mutations are known to happen, primarily in the form of oxidation state changes (Co3+ ↔ Co2+ ↔ Co+). Due to its molecular structure as a polymetallocene, NPC is the thinnest genetic polymer known to exist.

Metabolic strains have led Arai life to find ways to greatly regulate cobalt levels in their cytoplasm. The main distinguishing feature of [[Cobonephrota|cobonephrotes]] (the domain containing the extinct [[Nene (species)|organic stage nene]]) is the development of a specialised organelle, the ''cobonephrus'', which regulates cobalt levels in the cell, filtering out excess and warning the organism whenever there is a deficiency. Other cellular characteristics include [[wikipedia:Acrylonitrile|acrylonitrile]] cell membranes and [[wikipedia:Polyphosphazene|polyphosphazene]] cell walls.

Due to the very nature of NPC's data storage, high temperatures and strong magnetic fields might tear apart the genome, leading to effects similar to radiation exposure.
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]

Comparison of known biotas

2026-05-23T23:11:10Z

Maxisnt: /* Inositol nucleic disc */

{{WIP}}

This article compares the biochemistry and characteristics of the [[CoSM:Glossary#Biota|biotas]] within the [[CoSM:Glossary#Populated cosmos|populated cosmos]].

== Overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Feature
! colspan="4" |Cevobiota
! rowspan="2" |Maiabiota
! rowspan="2" |Zoabiota
! rowspan="2" |Kannobiota
! rowspan="2" |Telebiota
! rowspan="2" |Araiobiota
! rowspan="2" |Enyabiota
! rowspan="2" |Atavalpobiota
! rowspan="2" |Clannadobiota
|-
!Cytobiota
!Erdobiota
!Vitobiota
!Óótobiota
|-
! colspan="2" |Planet
| colspan="2" |[[World]]
|[[Julee]]
|[[Elm]]
|[[Maaya]]
|[[Celiane]]
|[[Kanno]]
|[[The Farthest Land]]
|[[Arai]]
|[[Enya]]
|[[Atahualpa]]
|[[Clannad]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Solvent
| colspan="8" |[[wikipedia:Water|Water]]
|[[wikipedia:Ammonia|Ammonia]]
| colspan="3" |Water
|-
! colspan="2" |Genetic storage
| colspan="4" |DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Inositol nucleic disc|INDs]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Glyconucleic acid|GNA]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic laminar polymer|FNLP]]
|DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic polycobaltocene|NPC]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic dendropolymer|DNDP]]
|FNDP
|RNLP
|-
! colspan="2" |Energy storage
| colspan="4" |ATP
|Sphrigocalin (binds 3 potassium ions for energy storage)
|Polyphosphate chains
|[[wikipedia:Pyrroloquinoline quinone|Pyrroloquinoline quinone]]
|[[Wikipedia:Guanosine triphosphate|GTP]]
|[[wikipedia:Corrin|Corrin]]-like molecule, redox based
|?
|Pyrroloquinoline quinone
|Polyphosphate chains
|-
! rowspan="2" |Chirality of...
!Amino acids
| colspan="4" |Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|-
!Sugars
| colspan="4" |Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|-
! colspan="2" |Amino acid count
| colspan="4" |20
|26
|12
|23
|22
|18
|21
|28
|25
|-
! colspan="14" |Non-universal prolific characteristics
|-
! colspan="2" |Blood oxygen binder
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Haemoglobin|haemoglobin]])
|Clunium (clunocruorin)
|Cobalt ([[Wikipedia:Coboglobin|coboglobin]])
|Iron (haemoglobin)
|Iron (ferroglobin)
|Iron-copper complex (FeCubin)
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Chlorocruorin|chlorocruorin]])
|Copper ([[Wikipedia:Haemocyanin|haemocyanin]])
|Titanium (azotorespirin-W)
|Nickel (niccocruorin)
|Manganese (manganocruorin)
|Copper (haemocyanin)
|-
! colspan="2" |Photosynthetic pigment
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Chlorophyll|Chlorophyll]]
|[[Wikipedia:Biliverdin|Biliverdin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Phycoerythrin|Phycoerythrin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Rhodopsin|Rhodopsin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Indigo dye|Indigo]]
|[[Wikipedia:Lycopene|Lycopene]]
|[[Wikipedia:Bacteriochlorophyll e|Bacteriochlorophyll e]]
|Corrin-like violet pigment
|[[Wikipedia:Methylene blue|Methylene blue]]
|Chlorophyll
|[[Wikipedia:Riboflavin|Riboflavin]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Bone mineral
| colspan="4" |[[Wikipedia:Hydroxyapatite|Hydroxyapatite]]
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Whitlockite|Whitlockite]]
|[[Wikipedia:Struvite|Struvite]]-[[Wikipedia:Collagen|collagen]] complex
|[[Wikipedia:Lignin|Lignin]]
|Magnesium-ammonium-phosphate mineral
| colspan="2" |Hydroxyapatite
|Struvite-collagen complex
|}

== Genetic storage ==

=== Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids ===
{{Main|wikipedia:DNA}}

=== Glyconucleic acid ===
[[File:Genetics-gna.svg|thumb|Glyconucleic acid.]]
GNA ('''g'''lyco'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is the genetic storage polymer used by [[Celiane|Celianese]] life. It consists of a glycol-phosphate backbone and two discrete nucleobases (2-amino-8-(2-thienyl)purine and [[wikipedia:2-pyridone|2-pyridone]]), forming [[wikipedia:Watson-Crick pair|Watson-Crick base pairs]] that combine into 4-base codons. This means that life in Celiane produces the fewest number of amino acids of any known biochemistry by far (only 12: [[wikipedia:Gly|Gly]], [[wikipedia:Proline|Pro]], [[wikipedia:Cys|Cys]], [[wikipedia:Histidine|His]], [[wikipedia:Serine|Ser]], [[wikipedia:Alanine|Ala]], [[wikipedia:Leucine|Leu]], [[wikipedia:Glutamic acid|Glu]], [[wikipedia:Arginine|Arg]], [[wikipedia:Tyrosine|Tyr]], [[wikipedia:Gln|Gln]], [[wikipedia:Valine|Val]]). The lack of amino acids is compensated by other macromolecules and cofactors (vitamins, minerals, organometallic compounds) filling the same niches.

As a result of this, Celianese organisms' biological processes tend to be strikingly different:

* Neural pathways are simpler and much more reliant on electrical synapses (over chemical).
* Immune systems are enzymatic rather than cellular.
* Fewer, simpler proteins entail less chances for misfolding and protein aggregation, rendering diseases like [[wikipedia:Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]], [[wikipedia:Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]], [[wikipedia:ALS|ALS]], etc., exceedingly rare, almost impossible.
* Faster, simpler biosynthetic processes lead to advantages such as faster wound healing and tissue regeneration.
* High-metal-cofactor systems require high-metal-content diets, specifically iron, copper, zinc, manganese and especially magnesium.
* Structures that might be keratinous in CEVO group organisms (fur, hair, claws, nails...) are instead primarily chitinous.
* Better chemical sensing capabilities due to higher cofactor diversity.

=== Inositol nucleic disc ===
[[File:Genetics-ind.svg|thumb|Single IND. Position 2 is depicted darker and longer to denote its importance for hosting the start-stop group.]]
''Inositol nucleic discs'' (abbreviated INDs) are the main [[Maaya|Maayan]] genetic information storage chemical. They are near-flat wheels, a central cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (''myo-inositol'') molecule in the middle, with positions 2, 3, 5 and 6 recording information by changing groups ([[wikipedia:Methyl group|methyl]], [[wikipedia:Amino group|amino]], [[wikipedia:Carboxyl group|carboxyl]] and [[wikipedia:Hydroxyl group|hydroxyl]]). These discs are stacked together in long cylindrical polymers, similar to DNA, linking together in positions 1 and 4 through phosphate groups. Position 2, being axial, serves as a start/stop point for enzymes reading the information.

With 4 states possible per 4 positions, the possible disc combinations add up to a total of 256 combinations. However, despite the large number of combinations, the genome only encodes for around 26 amino acids, with many disc configurations being redundant. This implies that there is a hard limit of possible amino acid biosynthesis pathways. The leading theory is that ancestral lifeforms on Maaya encoded for many more amino acids, but only those with few remained, while every other evolutionary line perished due to exponentially more frequent and deadly protein misfolding and Alzheimer's-like aggregation events. As proteins became bigger and more complex, there were more opportunities for them to synthesise wrong. Even today, one of the top death causes among [[amono]] is ACS (amono cerebrosclerosis, the hardening of brain tissue due to massive protein aggregation), almost as common as cancer.

INDs are ''highly'' mutation-resistant as a result of their chemical stability. However, genetic repair enzymes on Maaya are much less efficient than their CEVO group equivalents (the biological unit group that includes World and Earth cells), making it easier for a mutation to slip through and become a permanent, inheritable part of the genome.

A common genetic issue is the sticking together of the oppositely-charged carboxyl and amino groups in the genome. This condition (called ''cytoplasmic potassium salt deficiency'' or CPSD) arises from imbalances in the usually potassium-salt-rich nuclear cytoplasm, which shields these groups from interacting. The IND strands become tangled and unreadable, leading to cells undergoing rapid necrosis if K-salts (especially [[wikipedia:Potassium sulfate|potassium sulfate]]) are not reintroduced into the system.

=== Nucleic dendropolymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fndp.svg|thumb|FNDP visualised.]]
NDPs ('''n'''ucleic '''d'''endro'''p'''olymers), chiefly ''gene-trees'', are the main [[Atahualpa|Atahualpan]] and [[Enya|Enyan]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are dendritic polymers that encode information in tridimensional patterns, using [[Wikipedia:Deoxyribose|deoxyribose]] in Enya and [[Wikipedia:Fuculose|fuculose]] in Atahualpa as backbones, and about three to four distinct bases for actual storage. The kind of branch encodes the type of amino acid being encoded, with the nucleobases at the ends providing further specification. These patterns (of 3 bases in Enya and 4 in Atahualpa) are somewhat hard to predict, and mutations would be very common, were it not for genetic repair enzymes in these biotas being very efficient. Mutations occur at about the same pace as they do in DNA-based organisms.

Fuculonucleic dendropolymer, being capable of making very complex proteins with the 28 amino acids it encodes for, can also cause problems in the long run. Atavalpobiota suffer from an elevated risk of protein misfolding and aggregation diseases, even more than maiabiota.

=== Nucleic laminar polymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fnlp.svg|thumb|Visual representation of Kannoan FNLP.]]
NLPs ('''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymers), chiefly ''genetic tape'' or ''genetic laminar'', are the main [[Kanno|Kannoan]] and [[Clannad|Clannadian]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are long, flat molecular ribbons that store information through patterns utilising two chemicals, the ''bases''. These bases form two- (in simpler organisms) to six-base-wide lines (in most multicellular life) that go horizontally across the tape's width.

An important distinguishing factor of NLPs is their continuous-pattern genomes: each line in the genetic code influences the next. Sequences of lines form semi-predictable patterns, owing to the tendency of their bases to form labyrinthine chemical patterns. This pattern-based structure is inherently self-healing, in that, were a mutation to occur, enzymes would rapidly recognise it and rearrange the molecules to match the surrounding pattern. However, this system is not perfect, and lines that are "close enough" to matching the surrounding pattern are left as-is. This provides the NLPs with ample room to mutate and adapt to environmental constraints.

Kannoan FNLP ('''f'''uco'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses [[wikipedia:Fucose|fucose]] backbones and 2-aminopyrimidine and 2,4-dioxopyrimidine for data encoding, while Clannadian RNLP ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses ribose backbones, much like RNA. These two biochemistries are fundamentally incompatible:

* Kannoan FNLP is typically six bases wide, while Clannadian RNLP usually has only five.
* Even in sequences with the same width, the same base combinations encode for different amino acids.

=== Nucleic polycobaltocene ===
[[File:Genetics-npc.svg|thumb|NPC visualised.]]
''Nucleic polycobaltocene'' (NPC for short) is the main method of genetic encoding in [[Arai]]. Unlike all other known life taxa, Arai life is unique in its use of the inherent magnetic properties of different metal ion oxidation states for data storage, instead of chemical reactions. This works due to the planet's freezing cold temperatures helping to maintain magnetic properties stable, and the use of ammonia as a solvent instead of water.

NPC makes use of cobalt in three distinct oxidation states: the diamagnetic Co+ and Co3+ and the paramagnetic Co2+. These cobalt ions are bound together by [[wikipedia:Cyclopentadienyl|cyclopentadienyl]] anions in a Co-Cp-Co-Cp-[...] structure, giving the molecule a slightly twisting rod shape. "Codons" in this system are 3 cobalts long, thus allowing for 27 combinations that encode a total of 18 amino acids. Mutations are known to happen, primarily in the form of oxidation state changes (Co3+ ↔ Co2+ ↔ Co+). Due to its molecular structure as a polymetallocene, NPC is the thinnest genetic polymer known to exist.

Metabolic strains have led Arai life to find ways to greatly regulate cobalt levels in their cytoplasm. The main distinguishing feature of [[Cobonephrota|cobonephrotes]] (the domain containing the extinct [[Nene (species)|organic stage nene]]) is the development of a specialised organelle, the ''cobonephrus'', which regulates cobalt levels in the cell, filtering out excess and warning the organism whenever there is a deficiency. Other cellular characteristics include [[wikipedia:Acrylonitrile|acrylonitrile]] cell membranes and [[wikipedia:Polyphosphazene|polyphosphazene]] cell walls.

Due to the very nature of NPC's data storage, high temperatures and strong magnetic fields might tear apart the genome, leading to effects similar to radiation exposure.
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]

Comparison of known biotas

2026-05-23T23:08:02Z

Maxisnt: /* Glyconucleic acid */

{{WIP}}

This article compares the biochemistry and characteristics of the [[CoSM:Glossary#Biota|biotas]] within the [[CoSM:Glossary#Populated cosmos|populated cosmos]].

== Overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Feature
! colspan="4" |Cevobiota
! rowspan="2" |Maiabiota
! rowspan="2" |Zoabiota
! rowspan="2" |Kannobiota
! rowspan="2" |Telebiota
! rowspan="2" |Araiobiota
! rowspan="2" |Enyabiota
! rowspan="2" |Atavalpobiota
! rowspan="2" |Clannadobiota
|-
!Cytobiota
!Erdobiota
!Vitobiota
!Óótobiota
|-
! colspan="2" |Planet
| colspan="2" |[[World]]
|[[Julee]]
|[[Elm]]
|[[Maaya]]
|[[Celiane]]
|[[Kanno]]
|[[The Farthest Land]]
|[[Arai]]
|[[Enya]]
|[[Atahualpa]]
|[[Clannad]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Solvent
| colspan="8" |[[wikipedia:Water|Water]]
|[[wikipedia:Ammonia|Ammonia]]
| colspan="3" |Water
|-
! colspan="2" |Genetic storage
| colspan="4" |DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Inositol nucleic disc|INDs]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Glyconucleic acid|GNA]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic laminar polymer|FNLP]]
|DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic polycobaltocene|NPC]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic dendropolymer|DNDP]]
|FNDP
|RNLP
|-
! colspan="2" |Energy storage
| colspan="4" |ATP
|Sphrigocalin (binds 3 potassium ions for energy storage)
|Polyphosphate chains
|[[wikipedia:Pyrroloquinoline quinone|Pyrroloquinoline quinone]]
|[[Wikipedia:Guanosine triphosphate|GTP]]
|[[wikipedia:Corrin|Corrin]]-like molecule, redox based
|?
|Pyrroloquinoline quinone
|Polyphosphate chains
|-
! rowspan="2" |Chirality of...
!Amino acids
| colspan="4" |Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|-
!Sugars
| colspan="4" |Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|-
! colspan="2" |Amino acid count
| colspan="4" |20
|26
|12
|23
|22
|18
|21
|28
|25
|-
! colspan="14" |Non-universal prolific characteristics
|-
! colspan="2" |Blood oxygen binder
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Haemoglobin|haemoglobin]])
|Clunium (clunocruorin)
|Cobalt ([[Wikipedia:Coboglobin|coboglobin]])
|Iron (haemoglobin)
|Iron (ferroglobin)
|Iron-copper complex (FeCubin)
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Chlorocruorin|chlorocruorin]])
|Copper ([[Wikipedia:Haemocyanin|haemocyanin]])
|Titanium (azotorespirin-W)
|Nickel (niccocruorin)
|Manganese (manganocruorin)
|Copper (haemocyanin)
|-
! colspan="2" |Photosynthetic pigment
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Chlorophyll|Chlorophyll]]
|[[Wikipedia:Biliverdin|Biliverdin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Phycoerythrin|Phycoerythrin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Rhodopsin|Rhodopsin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Indigo dye|Indigo]]
|[[Wikipedia:Lycopene|Lycopene]]
|[[Wikipedia:Bacteriochlorophyll e|Bacteriochlorophyll e]]
|Corrin-like violet pigment
|[[Wikipedia:Methylene blue|Methylene blue]]
|Chlorophyll
|[[Wikipedia:Riboflavin|Riboflavin]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Bone mineral
| colspan="4" |[[Wikipedia:Hydroxyapatite|Hydroxyapatite]]
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Whitlockite|Whitlockite]]
|[[Wikipedia:Struvite|Struvite]]-[[Wikipedia:Collagen|collagen]] complex
|[[Wikipedia:Lignin|Lignin]]
|Magnesium-ammonium-phosphate mineral
| colspan="2" |Hydroxyapatite
|Struvite-collagen complex
|}

== Genetic storage ==

=== Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids ===
{{Main|wikipedia:DNA}}

=== Glyconucleic acid ===
[[File:Genetics-gna.svg|thumb|Glyconucleic acid.]]
GNA ('''g'''lyco'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is the genetic storage polymer used by [[Celiane|Celianese]] life. It consists of a glycol-phosphate backbone and two discrete nucleobases (2-amino-8-(2-thienyl)purine and [[wikipedia:2-pyridone|2-pyridone]]), forming [[wikipedia:Watson-Crick pair|Watson-Crick base pairs]] that combine into 4-base codons. This means that life in Celiane produces the fewest number of amino acids of any known biochemistry by far (only 12: [[wikipedia:Gly|Gly]], [[wikipedia:Proline|Pro]], [[wikipedia:Cys|Cys]], [[wikipedia:Histidine|His]], [[wikipedia:Serine|Ser]], [[wikipedia:Alanine|Ala]], [[wikipedia:Leucine|Leu]], [[wikipedia:Glutamic acid|Glu]], [[wikipedia:Arginine|Arg]], [[wikipedia:Tyrosine|Tyr]], [[wikipedia:Gln|Gln]], [[wikipedia:Valine|Val]]). The lack of amino acids is compensated by other macromolecules and cofactors (vitamins, minerals, organometallic compounds) filling the same niches.

As a result of this, Celianese organisms' biological processes tend to be strikingly different:

* Neural pathways are simpler and much more reliant on electrical synapses (over chemical).
* Immune systems are enzymatic rather than cellular.
* Fewer, simpler proteins entail less chances for misfolding and protein aggregation, rendering diseases like [[wikipedia:Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]], [[wikipedia:Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]], [[wikipedia:ALS|ALS]], etc., exceedingly rare, almost impossible.
* Faster, simpler biosynthetic processes lead to advantages such as faster wound healing and tissue regeneration.
* High-metal-cofactor systems require high-metal-content diets, specifically iron, copper, zinc, manganese and especially magnesium.
* Structures that might be keratinous in CEVO group organisms (fur, hair, claws, nails...) are instead primarily chitinous.
* Better chemical sensing capabilities due to higher cofactor diversity.

=== Inositol nucleic disc ===
[[File:Genetics-ind.svg|thumb|Single IND. Position 2 is depicted darker and longer to denote its importance for hosting the start-stop group.]]
''Inositol nucleic discs'' (abbreviated INDs) are the main [[Maaya|Maayan]] genetic information storage chemical. They are almost-flat discs, a central cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (''myo-inositol'') molecule in the middle, with positions 2, 3, 5 and 6 recording information by changing groups ([[wikipedia:Methyl group|methyl]], [[wikipedia:Amino group|amino]], [[wikipedia:Carboxyl group|carboxyl]] and [[wikipedia:Hydroxyl group|hydroxyl]]). These discs are stacked together in long cylindrical polymers, similar to DNA, linking together in positions 1 and 4 through phosphate groups. Position 2, being axial, serves as a start/stop point for enzymes reading the information.

With 4 states possible per 4 positions, the possible disc combinations add up to a total of 256 combinations. However, despite the large number of combinations, the genome only encodes for around 26 amino acids, with many disc configurations being redundant. This implies that there is a hard limit of possible amino acid biosynthesis pathways. The leading theory is that ancestral lifeforms on Maaya encoded for many more amino acids, but only those with few remained, while every other evolutionary line perished due to exponentially more frequent and deadly protein misfolding and Alzheimer's-like aggregation events. As proteins became bigger and more complex, there were more opportunities for them to synthesise wrong. Even today, one of the top death causes among [[amono]] is ACS (amono cerebrosclerosis, the hardening of brain tissue due to massive protein aggregation), almost as common as cancer.

INDs are ''highly'' mutation-resistant as a result of their chemical stability. However, genetic repair enzymes on Maaya are much less efficient than their CEVO group equivalents (the biological unit group that includes World and Earth cells), making it easier for a mutation to slip through and become a permanent, inheritable part of the genome.

A common genetic issue is the sticking together of the oppositely-charged carboxyl and amino groups in the genome. This condition (called ''cytoplasmic potassium salt deficiency'' or CPSD) arises from imbalances in the usually potassium-salt-rich nuclear cytoplasm, which shields these groups from interacting. The IND strands become tangled and unreadable, leading to cells undergoing rapid necrosis if K-salts (especially [[wikipedia:Potassium sulfate|potassium sulfate]]) are not reintroduced into the system.

=== Nucleic dendropolymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fndp.svg|thumb|FNDP visualised.]]
NDPs ('''n'''ucleic '''d'''endro'''p'''olymers), chiefly ''gene-trees'', are the main [[Atahualpa|Atahualpan]] and [[Enya|Enyan]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are dendritic polymers that encode information in tridimensional patterns, using [[Wikipedia:Deoxyribose|deoxyribose]] in Enya and [[Wikipedia:Fuculose|fuculose]] in Atahualpa as backbones, and about three to four distinct bases for actual storage. The kind of branch encodes the type of amino acid being encoded, with the nucleobases at the ends providing further specification. These patterns (of 3 bases in Enya and 4 in Atahualpa) are somewhat hard to predict, and mutations would be very common, were it not for genetic repair enzymes in these biotas being very efficient. Mutations occur at about the same pace as they do in DNA-based organisms.

Fuculonucleic dendropolymer, being capable of making very complex proteins with the 28 amino acids it encodes for, can also cause problems in the long run. Atavalpobiota suffer from an elevated risk of protein misfolding and aggregation diseases, even more than maiabiota.

=== Nucleic laminar polymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fnlp.svg|thumb|Visual representation of Kannoan FNLP.]]
NLPs ('''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymers), chiefly ''genetic tape'' or ''genetic laminar'', are the main [[Kanno|Kannoan]] and [[Clannad|Clannadian]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are long, flat molecular ribbons that store information through patterns utilising two chemicals, the ''bases''. These bases form two- (in simpler organisms) to six-base-wide lines (in most multicellular life) that go horizontally across the tape's width.

An important distinguishing factor of NLPs is their continuous-pattern genomes: each line in the genetic code influences the next. Sequences of lines form semi-predictable patterns, owing to the tendency of their bases to form labyrinthine chemical patterns. This pattern-based structure is inherently self-healing, in that, were a mutation to occur, enzymes would rapidly recognise it and rearrange the molecules to match the surrounding pattern. However, this system is not perfect, and lines that are "close enough" to matching the surrounding pattern are left as-is. This provides the NLPs with ample room to mutate and adapt to environmental constraints.

Kannoan FNLP ('''f'''uco'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses [[wikipedia:Fucose|fucose]] backbones and 2-aminopyrimidine and 2,4-dioxopyrimidine for data encoding, while Clannadian RNLP ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses ribose backbones, much like RNA. These two biochemistries are fundamentally incompatible:

* Kannoan FNLP is typically six bases wide, while Clannadian RNLP usually has only five.
* Even in sequences with the same width, the same base combinations encode for different amino acids.

=== Nucleic polycobaltocene ===
[[File:Genetics-npc.svg|thumb|NPC visualised.]]
''Nucleic polycobaltocene'' (NPC for short) is the main method of genetic encoding in [[Arai]]. Unlike all other known life taxa, Arai life is unique in its use of the inherent magnetic properties of different metal ion oxidation states for data storage, instead of chemical reactions. This works due to the planet's freezing cold temperatures helping to maintain magnetic properties stable, and the use of ammonia as a solvent instead of water.

NPC makes use of cobalt in three distinct oxidation states: the diamagnetic Co+ and Co3+ and the paramagnetic Co2+. These cobalt ions are bound together by [[wikipedia:Cyclopentadienyl|cyclopentadienyl]] anions in a Co-Cp-Co-Cp-[...] structure, giving the molecule a slightly twisting rod shape. "Codons" in this system are 3 cobalts long, thus allowing for 27 combinations that encode a total of 18 amino acids. Mutations are known to happen, primarily in the form of oxidation state changes (Co3+ ↔ Co2+ ↔ Co+). Due to its molecular structure as a polymetallocene, NPC is the thinnest genetic polymer known to exist.

Metabolic strains have led Arai life to find ways to greatly regulate cobalt levels in their cytoplasm. The main distinguishing feature of [[Cobonephrota|cobonephrotes]] (the domain containing the extinct [[Nene (species)|organic stage nene]]) is the development of a specialised organelle, the ''cobonephrus'', which regulates cobalt levels in the cell, filtering out excess and warning the organism whenever there is a deficiency. Other cellular characteristics include [[wikipedia:Acrylonitrile|acrylonitrile]] cell membranes and [[wikipedia:Polyphosphazene|polyphosphazene]] cell walls.

Due to the very nature of NPC's data storage, high temperatures and strong magnetic fields might tear apart the genome, leading to effects similar to radiation exposure.
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]

Pith

2026-05-23T11:57:40Z

Maxisnt: /* Scoring and end of play */

{{Infobox game|name=Pith ''{{cs|jrt|piþ}}''|image=File:Classicpith-setup.png|caption=A game of pith about to begin|years=In various forms, 200s BNB to present|genre=Matching|players=2 to 4|skills=Tactics, observation, memory, bluffing|related=[[Little pith]] * Piṭṭháu * Peuh Taus}}

'''Pith''' ({{Cs|jrt|piþ}}) is a [[Pith tiles|tile-based game]] popular in the western [[Orddonach]], introduced to the region in the form of the [[Namun people|Namunian]] [[piṭṭháu]] sometime in the 200s BNB.

== Gameplay ==
Players start with a concealed hand of 12 tiles. The objective of pith is to be the first to make a winning hand. To achieve this, they must use both discarded tiles from the player directly preceding them or from the walls of tiles in the centre of the table ({{Cs|jrt|stāerwy}} ''stáerwy'', sg. {{Cs|jrt|staer}} ''stáer'').

=== Setup and turn order ===
Before the game can begin, the tiles are all scrambled face down. One player is chosen to be the ''head'' (''towr''), and, depending on regional and house rules, the order of play will go clockwise or counterclockwise starting from this player (generally, it is counterclockwise, except in [[Hearn]], [[Blackstrath]] and [[Nemmark]]). 12 tiles are given to each player and the rest are then arranged into four walls forming a square perimeter. Three of these walls have 28 tiles (7×2×2), while one (the head's wall) has 32 (8×2×2). Players take tiles starting from this longer wall and continuing in order of play.

=== Gameplay ===
The game is divided into rounds and officially begins when the head draws first from their wall. At this point, they can:

* Take the tile they drew and discard one of their own, or
* Discard the tile, along with at most 3 other tiles in their hand.

The moment a player discards a tile, the turn goes to the next player, who may either:

* Take ''at most'' the 4 last tiles from the discard pile (in the order they were discarded) and discard ''up to'' 4 of their own tiles (taking care to never have a hand under 4 or over 12 tiles), or
* Take one tile from the walls and discard one of their own, or
* ''If the player's current hand is less than 12 tiles'', take at most the four last tiles from the discard pile ''and don't discard'', or
* Discard at most four of their own tiles and pass the turn.

A player may never have more than 12 tiles or less than 4 in their hand. Winning hands can only be 12 tiles long (with a few exceptions for special hands which may or may not be valid depending on regional rules). The moment a player gets a winning hand, they must show it to the rest of the table, at which point they become the head of the next round.

If the walls are completely exhausted by the end of a round, the game ends in a draw, and no points are awarded to any player. The game resets from there (new walls are built, new hands are started) and a new round begins. In these situations, the role of the head may remain the same or move to the next player in play order.

==== Scoring and end of play ====
Scoring in pith serves to determine the overall performance of each player, as well as determining who becomes the head of each round. A hand's score is based on the sum of the ''lawr'' (points) assigned to each of its composing melds. The maximum score for the end of a session differs by region, custom and house rules, but is usually somewhere around 144 lawr.

=== Melds ===
A winning hand must be made of combinations of tiles called ''melds''. A meld is a combination of at least 2 and at most 4 tiles of the same suit, either all of the same number or in numerical sequence. Each meld has a score that counts to the overall value of the final hand. Great tiles, thus seasons ('''S''') and high kings ('''K'''), cannot be used in numerical sequences and do not belong to any suits. However, melds using them will double the value of the meld. Moons ('''M''') are wildcards that may stand in for any ''numerical'' tile necessary to complete a meld.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Legal melds from weakest to strongest
!Meld
!Description
!Example
!Score
|-
|'''Eyes''' ({{Cs|jrt|mēdr}} ''médr'')
|A pair of identical tiles.
|[[File:M6.svg|frameless|63x63px]][[File:M6.svg|frameless|63x63px]]
|1 lawr
|-
|'''Short''' ({{Cs|jrt|mav}} ''maf'')
|Three tiles in numerical sequence
|[[File:D3.svg|63x63px]][[File:D4.svg|frameless|63x63px]][[File:D5.svg|63x63px]]
|2 lawr
|-
|'''Threefold''' ({{Cs|jrt|mi}} ''mi'')
|Three tiles of the same number
|[[File:F4.svg|frameless|63x63px]][[File:F4.svg|frameless|63x63px]][[File:F4.svg|frameless|63x63px]]
|2 lawr
|-
|'''Row''' ({{Cs|jrt|lirn}} ''lirn'')
|Four tiles in numerical sequence
|[[File:H1.svg|frameless|63x63px]][[File:H2.svg|frameless|63x63px]][[File:H3.svg|63x63px]][[File:H4.svg|63x63px]]
|4 lawr
|-
|'''Fourfold''' ({{Cs|jrt|pyn}} ''pyn'')
|Four tiles of the same number
|[[File:M3.svg|frameless|63x63px]][[File:M3.svg|frameless|63x63px]][[File:M3.svg|frameless|63x63px]][[File:M3.svg|frameless|63x63px]]
|4 lawr
|}
=== Winning hands ===
A winning hand is composed of 12 tiles arranged in melds. There exist four types of winning hands.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Types of winning hands
!Name
!Description
!Bonus
!Example
|-
|'''Common''' ({{Cs|jrt|ōrdur}} ''órdur'')
|A hand composed of tiles belonging to different suits.
|No bonus
|[[File:D3.svg|63x63px]][[File:D4.svg|63x63px]][[File:D5.svg|63x63px]][[File:D6.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:H1.svg|63x63px]][[File:H1.svg|63x63px]][[File:H1.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:M6.svg|63x63px]][[File:M7.svg|63x63px]][[File:M8.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:F4.svg|frameless|63x63px]][[File:F4.svg|frameless|63x63px]]
|-
|'''Level''' ({{Cs|jrt|bar}} ''bar'')
|A hand composed entirely of tiles belonging to the same suit
|Score of hand doubled
|[[File:M1.svg|63x63px]][[File:M1.svg|63x63px]][[File:M1.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:M4.svg|63x63px]][[File:M4.svg|63x63px]][[File:M4.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:M6.svg|63x63px]][[File:M6.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:M7.svg|63x63px]][[File:M7.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:M8.svg|63x63px]][[File:M8.svg|63x63px]]
|-
|'''Perfect''' ({{Cs|jrt|hibng}} ''hibeng'')
|A hand composed almost entirely of tiles belonging to the same suit.
One meld is composed of great tiles
|Score of hand doubled plus 10 lawr
|[[File:F1.svg|63x63px]][[File:F1.svg|63x63px]][[File:F1.svg|63x63px]][[File:F1.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:F3.svg|63x63px]][[File:F4.svg|63x63px]][[File:F5.svg|63x63px]][[File:F6.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:F4.svg|frameless|63x63px]][[File:F4.svg|frameless|63x63px]]—[[File:Kf.svg|63x63px]][[File:Kf.svg|63x63px]]
|-
|'''Blessed''' ({{Cs|jrt|moeb}} ''moeb'')
|A hand composed entirely of great tiles.
|Score of hand doubled plus 20 lawr
|[[File:Kd.svg|63x63px]][[File:Kd.svg|63x63px]][[File:Kd.svg|63x63px]][[File:Kd.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:Sm.svg|63x63px]][[File:Sm.svg|63x63px]][[File:Sm.svg|63x63px]][[File:Sm.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:Sh.svg|63x63px]][[File:Sh.svg|63x63px]]—[[File:Km.svg|63x63px]][[File:Km.svg|63x63px]]
|}
[[Category:Pith]]
[[Category:Board games]]

Skœjarth

2026-05-23T10:58:34Z

Maxisnt:

{{Infobox game|name=Skœjarth|years=Around 380 ANB|genre=Vying|players=Preferably 2 to 4, up to 8 with only a 4 cards left in stock|skills=Observation, attention, bluffing}}

'''Skœjarth''' or '''skoejarth''' ([[Ascon language|Ascon]]: {{cs|jrt|sköjarþ}} [ˈʃkœjaɦθ], lit. "liar") is a vying game popular in [[Asconia]] and spread into other regions using [[Asconian playing cards]], such as [[Hearn]] and [[Toamts]]. Players wager over the value of the hands constructed from combining any from three private cards and four community cards. Whomever has the highest valued hand wins the pot. In place of actual currency, players often use a system of marked metal, ceramic or plastic [[counting tokens]], as is common throughout gambling games in the [[Orddonach]]. Alternatively, skœjarth may be played as a drinking game, where the winner of a round gets to give a set amount of shots to players of their choice.

== Gameplay ==
Skœjarth is played with a single 28 card deck (the sun and moon cards aren't used). Gameplay is divided in rounds, which go as follows:

# Before the game can begin, all players each put an equal set amount of currency agreed beforehand (an ''ante'').
# Three cards are dealt to each player, the ''fan cards'', which must be kept private until the end of the round. The player left of the dealer introduces a previously agreed starting bet, which the rest of the players, in clockwise order, may choose to match (''call''). Players may also decide to forfeit from the round entirely (''fold''), especially if given a bad fan.
## Players are encouraged to ''bluff'' others into folding early by betting high on their own fan cards.
# After the initial bet is over, the dealer takes two cards from the stock–the ''trunk–''and reveals it to all players. The trunk is added to all the players' hands simultaneously, and players must seek to combine any amount of their fan cards with any amount of the community cards to get the highest valued 5-card hand possible. Players then may allow the game to continue without betting (''check''). In the event that someone bets, the option to check is replaced by calling. Raising after someone else has bet is also allowed, and must be replied by calling. Players may fold at any point.
# After betting on the trunk, a third community card, the ''flower'', is added by the dealer. Betting resumes.
# After the flower, a final community card, the ''fruit'', is added. Betting resumes.
# When the final bet is over, all players reveal their hands. The player with the most valuable hand (preferably completed by the community cards) wins the pot. The cards are then put back in the stock, reshuffled, and a new round begins.
## In the event that two people have the same kind of hand, the overall rank of the highest card in each serves to break the tie. The pot goes to the player holding the highest card. In the event that this still does not break the tie, the pot is split across the tied players.

=== Hands ===
The following are all valid hands from weakest to strongest.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Skœjarth hands
!Name
!Description
!Example
|-
|'''Eyes'''
|A pair of cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Flo2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat3.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Orphan'''
|The simple value of the highest card, matching none in its hand.
In the example, the King of Batons would be the ''orphan''.
|[[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]][[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbat.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But2.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Twins'''
|Two pairs of cards matching each other's ranks, i.e. two ''eyes''.
|[[File:Flo1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbel.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Threefold'''
|Three cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Bel4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]]
|-
|'''Stairs'''
|Five cards in ascending order.
|[[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel5.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Fourfold'''
|Four cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat1.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Disparate'''
|Five cards of the same suit but not in any order.
|[[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbut.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Perfect'''
|Five cards of the same suit in ascending order.
|[[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kflo.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|}
[[Category:Board games]]

Skœjarth

2026-05-23T10:50:04Z

Maxisnt:

{{Infobox game|name=Skœjarth|years=Around 380 ANB|genre=Vying|players=Preferably 2 to 4, up to 8 with only a 4 cards left in stock|skills=Observation, attention, bluffing}}

'''Skœjarth''' or '''skoejarth''' ([[Ascon language|Ascon]]: {{cs|jrt|sköjarþ}} [ˈʃkœjaɦθ], lit. "liar") is a vying game popular in [[Asconia]] and spread into other regions using [[Asconian playing cards]], such as [[Hearn]] and [[Toamts]]. Players wager over the value of the hands constructed from combining any from three private cards and four community cards. Whomever has the highest valued hand wins the pot. In place of actual currency, players often use a system of marked metal, ceramic or plastic [[counting tokens]], as is common throughout gambling games in the [[Orddonach]]. Alternatively, skœjarth may be played as a drinking game, where the winner of a round gets to give a set amount of shots to players of their choice.

== Gameplay ==
Skœjarth is played with a single 28 card deck (the sun and moon cards aren't used). Gameplay is divided in rounds, which go as follows:

# Before the game can begin, all players each put an equal set amount of currency agreed beforehand (an ''ante'').
# Three cards are dealt to each player, the ''fan cards'', which must be kept private until the end of the round. The player left of the dealer introduces a previously agreed starting bet, which the rest of the players, in clockwise order, may choose to match (''call''). Players may also decide to forfeit from the round entirely (''fold''), especially if given a bad fan.
## Players are encouraged to ''bluff'' others into folding early by betting high on their own fan cards.
# After the initial bet is over, the dealer takes two cards from the stock–the ''trunk–''and reveals it to all players. The trunk is added to all the players' hands simultaneously, and players must seek to combine any amount of their fan cards with any amount of the community cards to get the highest valued 5-card hand possible. Players then may allow the game to continue without betting (''check''). In the event that someone bets, the option to check is replaced by calling. Raising after someone else has bet is also allowed, and must be replied by calling. Players may fold at any point.
# After betting on the trunk, a third community card, the ''flower'', is added by the dealer. Betting resumes.
# After the flower, a final community card, the ''fruit'', is added. Betting resumes.
# When the final bet is over, all players reveal their hands. The player with the most valuable hand (preferably completed by the community cards) wins the pot. The cards are then put back in the stock, reshuffled, and a new round begins.
## In the event that two people have the same kind of hand, the overall rank of the highest card in each serves to break the tie. The pot goes to the player holding the highest card. In the event that this still does not break the tie, the pot is split across the tied players.

=== Hands ===
The following are all valid hands from weakest to strongest.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Skœjarth hands
!Name
!Description
!Example
|-
|'''Orphan'''
|The simple value of the highest card, matching none in its hand.
In the example, the King of Batons would be the ''orphan''.
|[[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]][[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbat.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But2.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Eyes'''
|A pair of cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Flo2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat3.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Twins'''
|Two pairs of cards matching each other's ranks, i.e. two ''eyes''.
|[[File:Flo1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbel.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Threefold'''
|Three cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Bel4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]]
|-
|'''Disparate'''
|Five cards of the same suit but not in any order.
|[[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbut.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Fourfold'''
|Four cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat1.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Stairs'''
|Five cards in ascending order.
|[[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel5.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Perfect'''
|Five cards of the same suit in ascending order.
|[[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kflo.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|}
[[Category:Board games]]

Skœjarth

2026-05-23T10:47:36Z

Maxisnt:

{{Infobox game|name=Skœjarth|years=Around 380 ANB|genre=Vying|players=Preferably 2 to 4, up to 8 with only a 4 cards left in stock|skills=Observation, attention, bluffing}}

'''Skœjarth''' or '''skoejarth''' ([[Ascon language|Ascon]]: {{cs|jrt|sköjarþ}} [ˈʃkœjaɦθ], lit. "liar") is a vying game popular in [[Asconia]] and spread into other regions using [[Asconian playing cards]], such as [[Hearn]] and [[Toamts]]. Players wager over the value of the hands constructed from combining any from three private cards and four community cards. Whomever has the highest valued hand wins the pot. In place of actual currency, players often use a system of marked metal, ceramic or plastic [[counting tokens]], as is common throughout gambling games in the [[Orddonach]]. Alternatively, skœjarth may be played as a drinking game, where the winner of a round gets to give a set amount of shots to players of their choice.

== Gameplay ==
Skœjarth is played with a single 28 card deck (the sun and moon cards aren't used). Gameplay is divided in rounds, which go as follows:

# Before the game can begin, all players each put an equal set amount of currency agreed beforehand (an ''ante'').
# Three cards are dealt to each player, the ''fan cards'', which must be kept private until the end of the round. The player left of the dealer introduces a previously agreed starting bet, which the rest of the players, in clockwise order, may choose to match (''call''). Players may also decide to forfeit from the round entirely (''fold''), especially if given a bad fan.
## Players are encouraged to ''bluff'' others into folding early by betting high on their own fan cards.
# After the initial bet is over, the dealer takes two cards from the stock–the ''trunk–''and reveals it to all players. The trunk is added to all the players' hands simultaneously, and players must seek to combine any amount of their fan cards with any amount of the community cards to get the highest valued 5-card hand possible. Players then may allow the game to continue without betting (''check''). In the event that someone bets, the option to check is replaced by calling. Raising after someone else has bet is also allowed, and must be replied by calling. Players may fold at any point.
# After betting on the wind, a third community card, the ''flower'', is added by the dealer. Betting resumes.
# After the bud, a final community card, the ''fruit'', is added. Betting resumes.
# When the final bet is over, all players reveal their hands. The player with the most valuable hand (preferably completed by the community cards) wins the pot. The cards are then put back in the stock, reshuffled, and a new round begins.
## In the event that two people have the same kind of hand, the overall rank of the highest card in each serves to break the tie. The pot goes to the player holding the highest card. In the event that this still does not break the tie, the pot is split across the tied players.

=== Hands ===
The following are all valid hands from weakest to strongest.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Skœjarth hands
!Name
!Description
!Example
|-
|'''Orphan'''
|The simple value of the highest card, matching none in its hand.
In the example, the King of Batons would be the ''orphan''.
|[[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]][[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbat.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But2.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Eyes'''
|A pair of cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Flo2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat3.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Twins'''
|Two pairs of cards matching each other's ranks, i.e. two ''eyes''.
|[[File:Flo1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbel.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Threefold'''
|Three cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Bel4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]]
|-
|'''Disparate'''
|Five cards of the same suit but not in any order.
|[[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbut.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Fourfold'''
|Four cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat1.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Stairs'''
|Five cards in ascending order.
|[[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel5.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Perfect'''
|Five cards of the same suit in ascending order.
|[[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kflo.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|}
[[Category:Board games]]

Skœjarth

2026-05-23T10:33:36Z

Maxisnt:

{{Infobox game|name=Skœjarth|years=Around 380 ANB|genre=Vying|players=Preferably 2 to 4, up to 8 with only a 4 cards left in stock|skills=Observation, attention, bluffing}}

'''Skœjarth''' or '''skoejarth''' ([[Ascon language|Ascon]]: {{cs|jrt|sköjarþ}} [ˈʃkœjaɦθ], lit. "liar") is a vying game popular in [[Asconia]] and spread into other regions using [[Asconian playing cards]], such as [[Hearn]] and [[Toamts]]. Players wager over the value of the hands constructed from combining any from three private cards and four community cards. Whomever has the highest valued hand wins the pot. In place of actual currency, players often use a system of marked metal, ceramic or plastic [[counting tokens]], as is common throughout gambling games in the [[Orddonach]]. Alternatively, skœjarth may be played as a drinking game, where the winner of a round gets to give a set amount of shots to players of their choice.

== Gameplay ==
Skœjarth is played with a single 28 card deck (the sun and moon cards aren't used). Gameplay is divided in rounds, which go as follows:

# Before the game can begin, all players each put an equal set amount of currency agreed beforehand (an ''ante'').
# Three cards are dealt to each player, the ''fan cards'', which must be kept private until the end of the round. The player left of the dealer introduces a previously agreed starting bet, which the rest of the players, in clockwise order, may choose to match (''call''). Players may also decide to forfeit from the round entirely (''fold''), especially if given a bad fan.
## Players are encouraged to ''bluff'' others into folding early by betting high on their own fan cards.
# After the initial bet is over, the dealer takes two cards from the stock–the ''trunk–''and reveals it to all players. The trunk is added to all the players' hands simultaneously, and players must seek to combine any amount of their fan cards with any amount of the community cards to get the highest valued 5-card hand possible. Players then may allow the game to continue without betting (''check''). In the event that someone bets, the option to check is replaced by calling. Raising after someone else has bet is also allowed, and must be replied by calling. Players may fold at any point.
# After betting on the wind, a third community card, the ''flower'', is added by the dealer. Betting resumes.
# After the bud, a final community card, the ''fruit'', is added. Betting resumes.
# When the final bet is over, all players reveal their hands. The player with the most valuable hand (preferably completed by the community cards) wins the pot. The cards are then put back in the stock, reshuffled, and a new round begins.
## In the event that two people have the same kind of hand, the overall rank of the highest card in each serves to break the tie. The pot goes to the player holding the highest card. In the event that this still does not break the tie, the pot is split across the tied players.

=== Hands ===
The following are all valid hands from weakest to strongest.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Skœjarth hands
!Name
!Description
!Example
|-
|'''Orphan'''
|The simple value of the highest card, matching none in its hand.
In the example, the King of Batons would be the ''orphan''.
|[[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]][[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbat.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But2.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Eyes'''
|A pair of cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Flo2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat3.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Twins'''
|Two pairs of cards matching each other's ranks, i.e. two ''eyes''.
|[[File:Flo1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbel.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Threefold'''
|Three cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Bel4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]]
|-
|'''Disparate'''
|Four cards of the same suit but not in any order.
|[[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbut.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Fourfold'''
|Four cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat1.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Stairs'''
|Five cards in ascending order.
|[[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel5.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Perfect'''
|Five cards of the same suit in ascending order.
|[[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kflo.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Four Kings'''
|All four kings of each suit.
|[[File:Kbel.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kflo.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbut.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbat.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]]
|}
[[Category:Board games]]

Skœjarth

2026-05-23T10:31:20Z

Maxisnt:

{{Infobox game|name=Skœjarth|years=Around 380 ANB|genre=Vying|players=Preferably 2 to 4, up to 8 with only a 4 cards left in stock|skills=Observation, attention, bluffing}}

'''Skœjarth''' or '''skoejarth''' ([[Ascon language|Ascon]]: {{cs|jrt|sköjarþ}} [ˈʃkœjaɦθ], lit. "liar") is a vying game popular in [[Asconia]] and spread into other regions using [[Asconian playing cards]], such as [[Hearn]] and [[Toamts]]. Players wager over the value of the hands constructed from combining any from three private cards and four community cards. Whomever has the highest valued hand wins the pot. In place of actual currency, players often use a system of marked metal, ceramic or plastic [[counting tokens]], as is common throughout gambling games in the [[Orddonach]]. Alternatively, skœjarth may be played as a drinking game, where the winner of a round gets to give a set amount of shots to players of their choice.

== Gameplay ==
Skœjarth is played with a single 28 card deck (the sun and moon cards aren't used). Gameplay is divided in rounds, which go as follows:

# Before the game can begin, all players each put an equal set amount of currency agreed beforehand (an ''ante'').
# Three cards are dealt to each player, the ''fan cards'', which must be kept private until the end of the round. The player left of the dealer introduces a previously agreed starting bet, which the rest of the players, in clockwise order, may choose to match (''call''). Players may also decide to forfeit from the round entirely (''fold''), especially if given a bad fan.
## Players are encouraged to ''bluff'' others into folding early by betting high on their own fan cards.
# After the initial bet is over, the dealer takes two cards from the stock–the ''trunk–''and reveals it to all players. The wind is added to all the players' hands simultaneously, and players must seek to combine any amount of their fan cards with any amount of the community cards to get the highest valued 5-card hand possible. Players then may allow the game to continue without betting (''check''). In the event that someone bets, the option to check is replaced by calling. Raising after someone else has bet is also allowed, and must be replied by calling. Players may fold at any point.
# After betting on the wind, a third community card, the ''flower'', is added by the dealer. Betting resumes.
# After the bud, a final community card, the ''fruit'', is added. Betting resumes.
# When the final bet is over, all players reveal their hands. The player with the most valuable hand (preferably completed by the community cards) wins the pot. The cards are then put back in the stock, reshuffled, and a new round begins.
## In the event that two people have the same kind of hand, the overall rank of the highest card in each serves to break the tie. The pot goes to the player holding the highest card. In the event that this still does not break the tie, the pot is split across the tied players.

=== Hands ===
The following are all valid hands from weakest to strongest.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Skœjarth hands
!Name
!Description
!Example
|-
|'''Orphan'''
|The simple value of the highest card, matching none in its hand.
In the example, the King of Batons would be the ''orphan''.
|[[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]][[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbat.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But2.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Eyes'''
|A pair of cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Flo2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat3.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Twins'''
|Two pairs of cards matching each other's ranks, i.e. two ''eyes''.
|[[File:Flo1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbel.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Threefold'''
|Three cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Bel4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]]
|-
|'''Disparate'''
|Four cards of the same suit but not in any order.
|[[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbut.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Fourfold'''
|Four cards of the same rank.
|[[File:Bel3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:But3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat1.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Stairs'''
|Five cards in ascending order.
|[[File:But1.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo2.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bat4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel5.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Perfect'''
|Five cards of the same suit in ascending order.
|[[File:Flo3.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo4.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo5.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Flo6.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kflo.svg|frameless|149x149px]]
|-
|'''Four Kings'''
|All four kings of each suit.
|[[File:Kbel.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kflo.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbut.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Kbat.svg|frameless|149x149px]][[File:Bel1.svg|frameless|150x150px]]
|}
[[Category:Board games]]

File:But2.svg

2026-05-23T09:17:24Z

Maxisnt: Maxisnt uploaded a new version of File:But2.svg