{{Infobox language
| name = Sen
| familycolor = Conlang
| creator = [[Cárlẃmm Frinn]]
| posteriori = [[Phyrean language|Phyrean]], [[Woru languages]], [[Vuru language|Vuru]], [[Toamts language|Toamts]], [[Ragham]], among others
|nativename={{cs|jrt|sen}} ''Sen''}}

'''Sen''' ({{cs|jrt|sen}} /sen/) is a constructed language created by writer and novelist [[Cárlẃmm Frinn]] throughout the 1650s to 70s as a personal exercise in linguistic neutrality and minimalism, with great liberties taken. The objective, to her, was to make a language able to form short, concise and understandable sentences with a small vocabulary. Modern linguists are still debating as to whether this goal was achieved by the time Sen reached completion around 1678, with the release of the last personally published book by Frinn, ''[[Sen: A Complete Guide]]'', shortly before her death in 1679. It derives most of its vocabulary from several natural languages such as [[Phyrean language|Phyrean]], [[Vuru language|Vuru]], [[North Woru|North]] and [[South Woru]], [[Toamts language|Toamts]], [[Ragham]], among many others, modified to suit the language's phonology, along with some words formed ''a priori''. Sen has amassed a large community of learners and speakers of varying fluency along the years, many of whom propose the language as a candidate for international communication.

== Philosophy ==
Sen began as a personal pet project by Frinn aiming to create a language with a small lexicon, which could create meaningful sentences using the least amount of "lexical" elements necessary (i.e. nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs). Sen achieves this through a modest repertoire of derivational affixes, including ones for verbal and nominal inflection, nominalisers, verbalisers, adjectivisers, location and locomotion. It also removes strict categorisations of parts of speech in favour of ''lexemes'', words which may fill the roles of different parts of speech simultaneously while referring to general concepts, e.g. {{cs|jrt|un}} ''un'' generally means "black, dark," but may also mean "absence of light, shadow; hidden, secret, shaded, enshrouded; to hide, to conceal, to shade, to darken," among other more specific meanings deducible from context.

Sen was inspired by Frinn's [[Heranism|Heranist]] studies, attempting to incorporate its ascetic and minimalist values into the very core of the language, as well as its communitarianism in creating her own group of early followers, all students of culture, logic and linguistics from the [[Magistral University of Eswarry]], which she attended. She encouraged deliberately experimenting with the language and developing personal idiolects, a concept she would refer to as ''creating one's own sibiki'' ({{cs|jrt|sibici}} Sen for "way, direction").

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
Sen makes use of a small set of 15 phonemes.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Sen consonants
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Labial / Labiodental
! colspan="2" |Alveolar
! rowspan="2" |Palatal
! colspan="2" |Velar
|-
!Unvoiced
!Voiced
!Unvoiced
!Voiced
!Unvoiced
!Voiced
|-
!Nasal
|
|{{Cs|jrt|m}} '''m''' /m/
|
|{{Cs|jrt|n}} '''n''' /n/
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Plosive
|{{Cs|jrt|p}} '''p''' /p/
|{{Cs|jrt|b}} '''b''' /b/
|{{Cs|jrt|t}} '''t''' /t/
|{{Cs|jrt|d}} '''d''' /d/
|
|{{Cs|jrt|c}} '''k''' /k/
|{{Cs|jrt|g}} '''g''' /g/
|-
!Fricative
| colspan="2" |
|{{Cs|jrt|s}} '''s''' /s/
|
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Trill or tap
| colspan="2" |
|
|{{Cs|jrt|r}} '''r''' /r~ɾ/
|
| colspan="2" |
|-
!Approximant
|
|{{Cs|jrt|w}} '''w''' /w/
| colspan="2" |
|{{Cs|jrt|j}} '''y''' /j/
|
|({{Cs|jrt|w}} '''w''' /w/)
|}

=== Vowels ===
Sen uses 5 vowels.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Sen vowels
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
!Close
|{{Cs|jrt|i}} '''i''' /i/
|
|{{Cs|jrt|u}} '''u''' /u/
|-
!Mid
|{{Cs|jrt|e}} '''e''' /e/
|
|{{Cs|jrt|o}} '''o''' /o/
|-
!Open
|
|{{Cs|jrt|a}} '''a''' /a/
|
|}
Vowels may never form diphthongs or long vowels, at least phonemically. Sequences of vowels contacting are always broken up by a hiatus−even two of the same vowel.

== Grammar ==
All "lexical" words (i.e. not purely grammatical, like pronouns) in Sen may take the role of verbs, nouns, adjectives or adverbs depending on the context.
{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|ciena cara}} ''kiena kara'' "hot food" ''or'' "the fire consumes" 
{{cs|jrt|cara ciena}} ''kara kiena'' "edible fire" ''or'' "the food heats up" }}

=== Word order and head direction ===
Sen word order is flexible, but for general statements it tends to be Verb-Subject-Object.

{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|pinca lega o ciena}} ''pinka lega o kiena'' 
cook person OBJ food
"the person cooks the food"}}

It is also usually head-initial, and lexical words may be modified concatenating other words after them.

=== Pronouns ===
Sen has three pronouns, displayed below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sen pronouns
!First / Proximal
!Second / Medial
!Third / Distal
|-
|{{cs|jrt|eḷ}} ''en'' / Ø
|{{cs|jrt|os}} ''os''
|{{cs|jrt|an}} ''an''
|}
These pronouns are appended at the beginning of verbs to mark person. Usually, a verb by itself with no marked person will tacitly carry the first person.

{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|mea}} ''mea'' "to know" ''or'' "I know" 
{{cs|jrt|anmea}} '''''an'''mea'' "she knows"}}

A pronoun may also be appended at the end of a noun to indicate possession or deixis, depending on context.

{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|cienaan}} ''kiena'''an''''' 
"(it is) his food" ''(as opposed to'' ankiena ''"he eats")'' ''or'' "(it is) that food"}}

=== Verbs ===
Verbs in Sen are conjugated by appending affixes at either ends.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sen verbal inflection
!Conjugation
!Affix
!Example
|-
!Non-past
|''Unmarked''
|{{cs|jrt|muon}} ''muon'' "I (will) rise"
|-
!Past
| {{cs|jrt|-en}} -en
|{{cs|jrt|muonen}} ''muonen'' "I rose" ''or'' "I have risen"
|-
!Imperative
| {{cs|jrt|-ebi}} -ebi
|{{cs|jrt|muonebi}} ''muonebi'' "rise!"
|-
!Iterative
|{{cs|jrt|ti-}} ti-
|{{cs|jrt|timuon}} ''timuon'' "I (will) rise again"
|-
!Passive
| {{cs|jrt|-iri}} -iri
|{{cs|jrt|muoniri}} ''muoniri'' "I will be risen"
|-
!Reflexive
| {{cs|jrt|-mẹ}} -me
|{{cs|jrt|muonme}} ''muonme'' "I rise myself"
|-
!Optative/Hortative
| {{cs|jrt|-is}} -is
|{{cs|jrt|muonis}} ''muonis'' "please rise" ''or'' "I wish to rise"
|}
A verb may take a non-pronoun subject by directly preceding it''.''

{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|timuon lea}} ''timuon lea'' 
"the sun will rise again"}}

It may also take an object by using the object marker ''o''.

{{Quote|{{cs|jrt|sibici je o lega}} ''sibiki ye '''o''' lega'' 
"the beast leads the man"}}

=== Particles ===
There are two main particles in Sen: {{cs|jrt|o}} ''o'' marks the direct object of a verb, and {{cs|jrt|u}} ''u'' serves as a benefactive ("for (the sake of)") or causative marker ("because of").
[[Category: Languages]] [[Category: Constructed languages]]

Nwngan Dydd

2026-06-11T18:59:30Z

Maxisnt:

{{Infobox person
| name = Duidh Tóirríon cear Sheadab
| image = Ddyddbagpipes.png
| caption = Nwngan playing the [[Ró]]
| birth_date = 2nd Janguwnt 1629
| birth_place = [[Altan]], [[Republic of Hearn]]
| death_date = 20th Lyddbán 1710 (aged 81)
| death_place = [[Levon]], [[Amrhyl|Kingdom of Amrhyl]]
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[Magistral University of Eswarry]]
* [[University of Marhwyn]]}}
| occupation = Anthropologist, Linguist
| spouse = [[Unaan Üelüd-or-Münüd]], [[Urtoonar Fülenxiöl]], [[Lion Arawn]], [[Duzin Luhoon]]
| parents = [[Seadab Tóirríon cear Chearmhainn]], TBD
| relatives = [[Finséir Tóirríon cear Sheadab]], [[Cárlwmm Tóirríon cár Sheadab]], [[Searmáon Tóirríon cár Sheadab]]
| family = [[Tóirríon clan]]
|native_name={{cs|jrt|‘duidь tōirrīon cear ‘sьeadab}} ([[Hearnish language|Hearnish]])}}

'''Duidh Tóirríon cear Sheadab''' ([[Hearnish language|Hearnish]]: {{Cs|jrt|‘duidь tōirrīon cear ‘sьeadab}} [d̥i ˈtʰɔ:rʲi:n kʰʲar ˈhʲad̥əb̥] , 2nd of Janguwnt 1629 – 20th of Lyddbán 1710) otherwise known by his pseudonym '''Nwngan Dydd''' ({{Cs|jrt|nwngan dyð}} "brown glasses") was an important [[Hearn|Hearnish]] anthropologist and linguist. He's remembered for being the author of the novel [[Tales of Moonearth]], one of the most influential pieces of phyrean literature, and for having built its complex world, including languages, cultures, races, geography and history.

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Born in the small town of [[Altan]], [[County Arann]], in [[Hearn]], Duidh belonged to the [[Tóirríon]] clan. He had two elder sisters, [[Cárlẃmm Tóirríon cár Sheadab|Cárlẃmm]] and [[Searmáon Tóirríon cár Sheadab|Searmáon]], and an elder brother, [[Finséir Tóirríon cear Sheadab|Finséir]]. His family had started amassing wealth since early on in the Industrial Revolution of 1508 after founding [[Tóirríon Textiles]]. His father, [[Seadab Tóirríon cear Chearmhainn]], was the owner of the company at the time of his birth.

As a child, Duidh liked to draw on spare pieces of paper around the house, often fantasising about a world of his creation. He also felt a great fascination and love towards his elder brother, often playing [[cnael]] with him, and thereby fueling his brother's wish to become a professional player.

=== Tóirríon at the Magistral ===
Tóirríon entered the [[Magistral University of Eswarry]] in 1652, at 23 years old. There he received his doctorate in languages and literature, and, as a pastime, learned [[Taelian language|Taelian]], becoming pen-pals with [[Dzujin Ruhoon]], a numismatics student from [[Tael]], through a cultural exchange program between his university and the [[University of Wafude]]. They remained in contact even after Ruhoon dropped out two years into his studies to become a longshoreman at his birth town of [[Fune]].

During his early years at the Magistral, Tóirríon entered a short-lived relationship with a fellow student, [[Oiteór Frinn]], elder brother of [[Cárlẃmm Frinn]], creator of the constructed language [[Sen]]. This relationship ended within the year. His break-up with Oiteór left him severely depressed, an emotional blow that was reflected in his academic performance. In an attempt to overcome this depression, he accepted an exchange opportunity which would send him to [[Manmont]], [[Asconia]]. There he met a 20-year-old [[Unaan Üelüd-or-Münüd]], or Hunnán Hwallt-or-Mynyd, at a bar. Üelüd was a very proud and outspoken [[Khot]] [[clúnath]] man, and worked odd jobs around town, making use of his very well maintained strength, which he was also extremely unashamed of.
{{Quote|quote=Our first interaction was, for lack of a better word, quite annoying. He was–and still is, honestly–a massive flirt, but he was extremely insistent. Though, I'm not going to lie, I was kind of drawn to that. We ended up going to his apartment later that first night, both about as drunk as each other. It honestly looked deplorable, in retrospect. I'm glad I've been able to instil in him the virtue of being tidy later on in life. But, in the moment, it didn't matter. 
I woke up sore all over the next morning. I looked to the side, and he wasn't there. But the unmistakable fragrance of crêpes and chocolate reached me, and I felt compelled to find its source. I made my way to the kitchen, and alas, there he was, at the stove (mind you, still completely naked), with two cups of tea on the table. I think ''that'' is when I truly fell in love with Hunnán.|author=Duidh Tóirríon|title=Autobiography}}
Upon Tóirríon's return to [[Hearn]], Üelüd, in a rash and passionate decision to be closer to Tóirríon, decided to move to [[Marhwyn]], [[Amrhyl]], near [[Levon]], and would frequently visit him. Initially annoyed by this, as he had a tendency of appearing uninvited with no previous arrangement, Tóirríon would end up finding in his new friend-with-benefits a strong confidant, and they quickly grew more and more affectionate, eventually becoming a couple.

Around the end of his studies at the Magistral, Tóirríon would begin to extrapolate his childhood ideas of a fantasy world into a written corpus, which only grew with the passage of time. Beginning in 1656, Tóirríon began writing the very first drafts of his magnum opus, [[Tales of Moonearth]].

=== Tóirríon at Marhwyn ===
After receiving his doctorate in 1657, Tóirríon moved on to receiving his second doctorate in anthropology at the [[University of Marhwyn]], giving him the opportunity of moving in with his boyfriend and eventually marrying him. His research travels led him to the northern regions of [[Orddonach#Phyrea|Phyrea]], visiting [[Darsavia]] to study the Khot diaspora in the country. In Darsavia he would go on to meet, among others, 56-year-old [[Urtoonar Fülenxiöl]], or Trónath Fflanhwl, one of his interviewees, a Khot like Üelüd, a widower, and a father of three males, all over 20. Tóirríon and Fülenxiöl would go on to become very close friends.

1658 was when Tóirríon would publish the very first edition of [[Tales of Moonearth]] under publisher [[Hantchest]]. The book was initially slow to take off, but late in 1661 it proved to be a bestseller. With their newfound wealth, Tóirríon and Üelüd would purchase a property in the outskirts of [[Levon]]. Through their consistent correspondence with Fülenxiöl, both Tóirríon and Üelüd convinced the widower to move in with them at their new residence. Although hesitant at first, the man quickly warmed up to the couple, eventually marrying Tóirríon in late 1662.
{{Quote|quote=Trónath proved to be a much different kind of person than Hunnán. He'd been marked by age, clearly, and his calm and slow demeanour was a nice change of pace from Hunnu's joyous but often rash self.|author=Duidh Tóirríon|title=Autobiography}}
Tóirríon finally received his doctorate in 1662, and would go on to work at the [[Great Levon Museum]], helping to preserve and research cultural artifacts. This year would also see a fleeing [[Fınaş Qışmıtu]], lover and student of [[Hermia|hermian]] political activist [[Ziyad Barşa]], being hired by Tóirríon as part of his house staff.

=== Third marriage ===
At the Great Levon Museum, Tóirríon would become coworkers with [[Lion Arawn]], a half-Khot [[dwyllnar]] man one year his senior, working in restoration of damaged paintings and artifacts. Although initially drawn away by his often cutting and difficult demeanour, they became close friends and frequent collaborators. Their relationship would take a sudden turn when, after a night of bar-hopping together with Üelüd and Fülenxiöl, all four would have an intoxicated discussion about Arawn's lingering feelings of sexual attraction towards Tóirríon. This quickly devolved into a sexual encounter with all four parties involved.
{{Quote|quote=It was strange how it all happened so suddenly, but, in retrospect, I have no regrets. Waking up the next morning I quickly realised that the only ones left on the bed were Lion and I, as his arms were wrapped around me. Hunnán had left to make breakfast for all four of us, and Trónath was in the kitchen with him, reading the newspaper. It all felt right. Like all of us had a place in the household, and each other's lives.|author=Duidh Tóirríon|title=Autobiography}}

=== Retirement and fourth marriage ===
1694 would see Tóirríon's retirement, leaving his work at the Great Levon Museum to live the rest of his life with his husbands. That same year, at 93 years old, Fülenxiöl would die of natural causes, receiving a private funeral at his wishes. His absence left Tóirríon with a "void" that he found extremely hard to fill, until one of his visits to Ruhoon in [[Tael]] led to their long-standing feelings of mutual attraction reach an apex. Ruhoon, also recently retired, faced with a marriage proposal from Tóirríon, accepted, moving with him to Levon.

=== Death ===
In 1710, Tóirríon would die at his residence surrounded by his husbands, loved ones and family. His last words, according to one of his nieces, were "everything is fine, I'll still be here, I love you all."

== Legacy ==

=== Concepts in modern fantasy ===
The tropes and concepts present in [[Tales of Moonearth]] and its sequels would later be greatly iterated upon by subsequent novelists and fantasy writers, influencing many modern fantasy tropes.
[[Category:World]] [[Category:Anthropologists]] [[Category:Myllologists]] [[Category:Writers]] [[Category:People]] [[Category:Hearnish people]]

2026-06-05T15:52:07Z

Maxisnt:

This article compares the biochemistry and characteristics of the [[CoSM:Glossary#Biota|biotas]] within the [[CoSM:Glossary#Populated cosmos|populated cosmos]].

== Overview ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Feature
! colspan="4" |Cevobiota (Ce)
! rowspan="2" |Maiabiota (Ma)
! rowspan="2" |Zoabiota (Zo)
! rowspan="2" |Kannobiota (Ka)
! rowspan="2" |Telebiota (Te)
! rowspan="2" |Araiobiota (Ar)
! rowspan="2" |Enyabiota (En)
! rowspan="2" |Atavalpobiota (At)
! rowspan="2" |Clannadobiota (Cl)
|-
!Cytobiota
!Erdobiota
!Vitobiota
!Óótobiota
|-
! colspan="2" |Planet
| colspan="2" |[[World]]
|[[Julee]]
|[[Elm]]
|[[Maaya]]
|[[Celiane]]
|[[Kanno]]
|[[The Farthest Land]]
|[[Arai]]
|[[Enya]]
|[[Atahualpa]]
|[[Clannad]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Solvent
| colspan="8" |[[wikipedia:Water|Water]]
|[[wikipedia:Ammonia|Ammonia]]
| colspan="3" |Water
|-
! colspan="2" |Genetic storage
| colspan="4" |DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Inositol nucleic disc|INDs]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Glyconucleic acid|GNA]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic laminar polymer|FNLP]]
|DNA + RNA
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Nucleic polycobaltocene|NPC]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Deoxyribonucleic intervalene|DNI]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Fuculonucleic chiralene|FNC]]
|RNLP
|-
! colspan="2" |Energy storage
| colspan="4" |ATP
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Sphrigocalcin|Sphrigocalcin]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Polyphosphate chains|Polyphosphate chains]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Flavin mononucleotide|Flavin mononucleotide]]
|[[Wikipedia:Guanosine triphosphate|GTP]]
|[[Comparison of known biotas#Respiration in araiobiota|CCTPA, Hydrazine]]
|Polyphosphate chains
|Pyrroloquinoline quinone
|ATP
|-
! rowspan="2" |Chirality of...
!Amino acids
| colspan="4" |Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|-
!Sugars
| colspan="4" |Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Levous
|Levous
|Levous
|Dextrous
|Dextrous
|-
! colspan="2" |Amino acid count
| colspan="4" |20
|26
|12
|23
|22
|18
|21
|28
|25
|-
! colspan="14" |Non-universal prolific characteristics
|-
! colspan="2" |Blood respiration binder
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Haemoglobin|haemoglobin]])
|Clunium (clunocruorin)
|Cobalt ([[Wikipedia:Coboglobin|coboglobin]])
|Iron (haemoglobin)
|Iron (ferroglobin)
|Iron-copper complex (FeCubin)
|Iron ([[Wikipedia:Chlorocruorin|chlorocruorin]])
|Copper ([[Wikipedia:Haemocyanin|haemocyanin]])
|Titanium (azotorespirin-W), Calcium (hydrorespirin-K)
|Nickel (niccocruorin)
|Manganese (manganocruorin)
|Copper (cuproglobin)
|-
! colspan="2" |Photosynthetic pigment
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Chlorophyll|Chlorophyll]]
|[[Wikipedia:Biliverdin|Biliverdin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Phycoerythrin|Phycoerythrin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Rhodopsin|Rhodopsin]]
|[[Wikipedia:Indigo dye|Indigo]]
|[[Wikipedia:Lycopene|Lycopene]]
|[[Wikipedia:Bacteriochlorophyll e|Bacteriochlorophyll e]]
|Corrin-like violet pigment
|[[Wikipedia:Methylene blue|Methylene blue]]
|Chlorophyll
|[[Wikipedia:Riboflavin|Riboflavin]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Bone mineral
| colspan="4" |[[Wikipedia:Hydroxyapatite|Hydroxyapatite]]
| colspan="2" |[[Wikipedia:Whitlockite|Whitlockite]]
|[[Wikipedia:Struvite|Struvite]]-[[Wikipedia:Collagen|collagen]] complex
|[[Wikipedia:Lignin|Lignin]]
|Magnesium-ammonium-phosphate mineral
| colspan="2" |Hydroxyapatite
|Struvite-collagen complex
|}

=== Differences across biotas ===

==== Cevobiota ====

* One of two biotas with tryptophan in their metabolome, on which they are dependent for circadian rhythm and mood regulation.

==== Maiabiota ====

* Sphrigocalcin's use of 3 calcium ions makes calcium intake highly important.
** However, calcium intake and excretion is significantly less than expected due to maiabiota's highly efficient calcium recycling biomechanics.
* Potassium is another important dietary requirement, necessary for genetic stability.
* Larger, multi-purpose proteins make maiabiota highly susceptible to protein aggregation diseases, especially during old age.
** These same proteins are also more energy dependent, requiring metabolism to be more efficient.
* Whitlockite bones require magnesium and iron intake ''as well as'' calcium.
* Selenocysteine and selenomethionine amino acids require selenium intake. Deficiency impairs redox capacity.
* Mutation-resistant INDs render cancers less likely.

==== Zoabiota ====

*Neural pathways are simple and reliant on electrical synapses (over chemical).
*Immune systems are enzymatic rather than cellular.
*Fewer, simpler proteins entail fewer chances for misfolding and protein aggregation, rendering diseases akin to [[wikipedia:Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's]], [[wikipedia:Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's]], [[wikipedia:ALS|ALS]], etc., exceedingly rare, almost impossible.
*Faster, simpler biosynthetic processes lead to advantages such as faster wound healing and tissue regeneration.
*High-metal-cofactor systems require high-metal-content diets, specifically iron, copper, zinc, manganese and especially magnesium.
**Magnesium and iron are especially important for their whitlockite bone structure.
*Structures that might be keratinous in CEVO group organisms (fur, hair, claws, nails...) are instead primarily chitinous.
*Better chemical sensing capabilities due to higher cofactor diversity.
*Polyphosphate chain energy storage renders phosphorus a major dietary requirement.
*Small amino acid metabolome renders the production of certain enzymes impossible. Ethanol, for example, is completely indigestible to a Zoan organism.
*Epigenetic regulation requires a different biosynthetic mechanism due to the lack of methionine, which makes zoabiota distinct.

==== Kannobiota ====

* Kanno's high-oxygen atmosphere constantly generates reactive oxygen species. As such, antioxidant processes are necessary for survival.
* Struvite-collagen composite bones require dietary magnesium.
* Chlorocruorin's lower efficiency compared to haemoglobin requires higher blood volumes or more efficient respiratory systems.
** Iron deficiency is therefore more immediately and strongly dangerous than in other ferrous blood organisms.
* Selenomethionine production requires dietary selenium.

==== Telebiota ====

* Lignin-based skeletal structures are resistant but more susceptible to enzymatic degradation.
* In some species, copper deficiency cascades not only into hypoxia, but also neural degeneration, as the nervous systems of these telebiota require copper.

==== Araiobiota ====

* The use of ammonia as a solvent precludes all water-based biomaterial from being compatible with araiobiotic biosynthesis.
* NPC-based genomes make araiobiotes highly sensitive to high temperatures and strong magnetic fields.
* Cobalt is one of the main dietary requirements, necessary for genetic stability, as well as titanium for nitrogen respiration.

==== Enyabiota ====

* As with zoabiota, phosphorus is a main energetic requirement.
* Dietary nickel necessary for respiration and niccoline-dependent metalloproteins and enzymes.
* DNI's methyl-interval encoding makes methyltransferase systems central to genome maintenance; dietary methyl donors are thereby metabolically significant.

==== Atavalpobiota ====

* Genetic epimerisation rates pose a significant threat, rendering cancers more likely.
* Largest known amino acid metabolome generates large, multifunctional proteins which are more highly susceptible to aggregation events, about the same as maiabiota.
* Proteinic chaperone systems are highly efficient to combat aggregation events.
* One of two biotas (alongside cevobiota) that include tryptophan in their metabolome.

==== Clannadobiota ====

* RNLP, being based on a ribose-phosphate backbone, is susceptible to hydrolytic degradation. Genome maintenance systems compensate for wear.
* Struvite-collagen composite bones require dietary magnesium.
* Selenocysteine production requires dietary selenium.

== Genetic storage ==

=== Deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids ===
{{Main|wikipedia:DNA}}

=== Deoxyribonucleic intervalene ===
[[File:Intervalene.svg|thumb|Deoxyribonucleic intervalene.]]
DNI ('''d'''eoxyribo'''n'''ucleic '''i'''ntervalene) is the genetic polymer found in [[Enya|Enyan]] life. It consists of a [[Wikipedia:Deoxyribose|deoxyribose]]-phosphate backbone with [[Wikipedia:Methyl group|methyl groups]] interspersed throughout, akin to a comb with broken teeth. It stores genetic information through the intervals between these groups. These intervals can be of 1, 2 or 3 backbone units, and codon length is 3 intervals, which gives 27 combinations. Enyan life encodes for 21 amino acids, with some codon redundancy.

=== Fuculonucleic chiralene ===
[[File:FNChiralene.svg|thumb|Fuculonucleic chiralene.]]
FNC ('''f'''uculo'''n'''ucleic '''c'''hiralene) is the genetic polymer found in [[Atahualpa|Atahualpan]] life. It is superficially reminiscent of DNA/RNA in its double-stranded, ladder-like conformation, where each monomer on one strand is bound to its respective enantiomer on the other. Codons are 3 monomers long, which gives 64 combinations, the second highest number behind INDs' 256. Similarly to [[Maaya|Maayan]] life, amino acid count stops well before filling all codon combinations, only encoding for 28 amino acids, the highest of any known biota. In another similarity to maiabiota, atavalpobiota are also highly susceptible to protein misfolding events.

Mutations mainly come in the form of [[Wikipedia:Epimerisation|epimerisation]], where one monomer spontaneously becomes its own chiral enantiomer. Indeed, the 28-amino-acid metabolome of atavalpobiota may have derived from a larger inventory that became shorter as high-epimerisation-related deaths of early life became common. Repair enzymes can detect these errors as a pair of the same enantiomer is not allowed, but they are incapable of independently recognising which monomer needs to be re-epimerised. The typical solution to this problem is, as in DNA, strand age marking, although this doesn't arrive without errors.

=== Glyconucleic acid ===
[[File:Genetics-gna.svg|thumb|Glyconucleic acid.]]
GNA ('''g'''lyco'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is the genetic storage polymer used by [[Celiane|Celianese]] life. It consists of a glycol-phosphate backbone and two discrete nucleobases (2-amino-8-(2-thienyl)purine and [[wikipedia:2-pyridone|2-pyridone]]), forming [[wikipedia:Watson-Crick pair|Watson-Crick base pairs]] that combine into 4-base codons. This means that life in Celiane produces the fewest number of amino acids of any known biochemistry by far (only 12: [[wikipedia:Gly|Gly]], [[wikipedia:Proline|Pro]], [[wikipedia:Cys|Cys]], [[wikipedia:Histidine|His]], [[wikipedia:Serine|Ser]], [[wikipedia:Alanine|Ala]], [[wikipedia:Leucine|Leu]], [[wikipedia:Glutamic acid|Glu]], [[wikipedia:Arginine|Arg]], [[wikipedia:Tyrosine|Tyr]], [[wikipedia:Gln|Gln]], [[wikipedia:Valine|Val]]). The lack of amino acids is compensated by other macromolecules and cofactors (vitamins, minerals, organometallic compounds) filling the same niches.

=== Inositol nucleic disc ===
[[File:Genetics-ind.svg|thumb|Single IND. Position 2 is depicted darker and longer to denote its importance for hosting the start-stop group.]]
''Inositol nucleic discs'' (abbreviated INDs) are the main [[Maaya|Maayan]] genetic information storage chemical. They are near-flat wheels, a central cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol (''myo-inositol'') molecule in the middle, with positions 2, 3, 5 and 6 recording information by changing groups ([[wikipedia:Methyl group|methyl]], [[wikipedia:Amino group|amino]], [[wikipedia:Carboxyl group|carboxyl]] and [[wikipedia:Hydroxyl group|hydroxyl]]). These discs are stacked together in long cylindrical polymers, similar to DNA, linking together in positions 1 and 4 through phosphate groups. Position 2, being axial, serves as a start/stop point for enzymes reading the information.

With 4 states possible per 4 positions, the possible disc combinations add up to a total of 256. However, despite the large number of combinations, the genome only encodes for around 26 amino acids, with many disc configurations being redundant. This implies that there is a hard limit of possible amino acid biosynthesis pathways. The leading theory is that ancestral lifeforms on Maaya encoded for many more amino acids, but only those with few remained, while every other evolutionary line perished due to exponentially more frequent and deadly protein misfolding and Alzheimer's-like aggregation events. As proteins became bigger and more complex, there were more opportunities for them to synthesise wrong. Even today, one of the top death causes among [[amono]] is ACS (amono cerebrosclerosis, the hardening of brain tissue due to massive protein aggregation), almost as common as cancer.

INDs are ''highly'' mutation-resistant as a result of their chemical stability. However, genetic repair enzymes on Maaya are much less efficient than their CEVO group equivalents (the biological unit group that includes World and Earth cells), making it easier for a mutation to slip through and become a permanent, inheritable part of the genome.

A common genetic issue is the sticking together of the oppositely-charged carboxyl and amino groups in the genome. This condition (called ''cytoplasmic potassium salt deficiency'' or CPSD) arises from imbalances in the usually potassium-salt-rich nuclear cytoplasm, which shields these groups from interacting. The IND strands become tangled and unreadable, leading to cells undergoing rapid necrosis if K-salts (especially [[wikipedia:Potassium sulfate|potassium sulfate]]) are not reintroduced into the system.

=== Nucleic laminar polymer ===
[[File:Genetics-fnlp.svg|thumb|Fuconucleic laminal polymer.]]
NLPs ('''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymers), chiefly ''genetic tape'' or ''genetic laminar'', are the main [[Kanno|Kannoan]] and [[Clannad|Clannadian]] genetic information storage chemicals. They are long, flat molecular ribbons that store information through patterns utilising two chemicals, the ''bases''. These bases form two- (in simpler organisms) to six-base-wide lines (in most multicellular life) that go horizontally across the tape's width.

An important distinguishing factor of NLPs is their continuous-pattern genomes: each line in the genetic code influences the next. Sequences of lines form semi-predictable combinations, owing to the tendency of their bases to form labyrinthine chemical patterns. This pattern-based structure is inherently self-healing, in that, were a mutation to occur, enzymes would rapidly recognise it and rearrange the molecules to match the surrounding pattern. However, this system is not perfect, and lines that are "close enough" to matching are left as-is. This provides the NLPs with ample room to mutate and adapt to environmental constraints.

Kannoan FNLP ('''f'''uco'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses [[wikipedia:Fucose|fucose]] backbones and 2-aminopyrimidine and 2,4-dioxopyrimidine for data encoding, while Clannadian RNLP ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''l'''aminar '''p'''olymer) uses ribose backbones, much like RNA. These two biochemistries are fundamentally incompatible:

* Kannoan FNLP is typically six bases wide, while Clannadian RNLP usually has only five.
* Even in sequences with the same width, the same base combinations encode for different amino acids.

=== Nucleic polycobaltocene ===
[[File:Genetics-npc.svg|thumb|Nucleic polycobaltocene.]]
''Nucleic polycobaltocene'' (NPC for short) is the main method of genetic encoding in [[Arai]]. Unlike all other known life taxa, Arai life is unique in its use of the inherent magnetic properties of different metal ion oxidation states for data storage, instead of chemical reactions. This works due to the planet's freezing cold temperatures helping to maintain magnetic properties stable, and the use of ammonia as a solvent instead of water.

NPC makes use of cobalt in three distinct oxidation states: the diamagnetic Co+ and Co3+ and the paramagnetic Co2+. These cobalt ions are bound together by [[wikipedia:Cyclopentadienyl|cyclopentadienyl]] anions in a Co-Cp-Co-Cp-[...] structure, giving the molecule a slightly twisting rod shape. "Codons" in this system are 3 cobalts long, thus allowing for 27 combinations that encode a total of 18 amino acids. Mutations are known to happen, primarily in the form of oxidation state changes (Co3+ ↔ Co2+ ↔ Co+). Due to its molecular structure as a polymetallocene, NPC is the thinnest genetic polymer known to exist.

Metabolic strains have led Arai life to find ways to greatly regulate cobalt levels in their cytoplasm. The main distinguishing feature of [[Cobonephrota|cobonephrotes]] (the domain containing the extinct [[Nene (species)|organic stage nene]]) is the development of a specialised organelle, the ''cobonephrus'', which regulates cobalt levels in the cell, filtering out excess and warning the organism whenever there is a deficiency. Other cellular characteristics include [[wikipedia:Acrylonitrile|acrylonitrile]] cell membranes and [[wikipedia:Polyphosphazene|polyphosphazene]] cell walls.

Due to the very nature of NPC's data storage, high temperatures and strong magnetic fields might tear apart the genome, leading to effects similar to radiation exposure.

== Energy storage ==

=== Flavin mononucleotide ===
[[Wikipedia:Flavin mononucleotide|Flavin mononucleotide]] is used on Kanno as an energy carrier. It is a redox carrier: it stores energy as FMNH2, and releases it by reoxidising back into FMN. The high oxygen atmosphere of Kanno contributes to the use of FMN as molecular oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, guaranteeing continuous energy turnover. A byproduct of the O2 reduction involved in this metabolic process is reactive oxygen species. This is counteracted by antioxidative metabolic processes which have evolved independently several times in nearly all taxa of Kanno. One of these is lycopene, generated almost universally by the native flora of the planet as both a photosynthetic pigment and an antioxidant. Many herbivorous species are dependent on lycopene as a result, and have de-evolved ancestral, less efficient antioxidative systems.

=== Polyphosphate chains ===
[[Wikipedia:Polyphosphate|Polyphosphates]] are the energy storage macromolecules used in the biota of Celiane and Enya. They are inorganic polymers with several points of cleavage, whose energy potential scales with their length. Any number of units may be cleaved at once, a mechanism exploited in both zoabiota and enyabiota for precise energy spending and control. Phosphorus is therefore central to Zoan and Enyan life, and is both a high-importance dietary requirement and the main metabolic waste product.

=== Respiration in araiobiota ===
Araiobiota use a form of anaerobic respiration involving one [[Wikipedia:Molecular nitrogen|molecular nitrogen]] and three [[Wikipedia:Molecular hydrogen|molecular hydrogens]] to create [[Wikipedia:Ammonia|ammonia]], the reaction of which independently creates energy. This is the baseline energy production system devised by most araiobiotes. Their lungs, unlike those of aerobic organisms, are single chambers that contract and expand by the pressure of the reaction itself, lightly aided by muscle.
[[File:CCTPA.svg|thumb|Cobocorrin triphosphoramidate.]]
The energy currency molecule is ''cobocorrin triphosphoramidate'' (CCTPA). It is formed by a corrin macrocycle with a triphosphazene tail and a cobalt(I) ion core. Energy is expended through ammonolysis of the tail, a remarkably similar mechanism to ATP and GTP transposed to ammonia-solvent biochemistry.<blockquote>-P-N-P-N + NH3 → -P-NH2 + HN-P- + energy</blockquote>Most araiobiotes have a secondary energy production solution, [[Wikipedia:Hydrazine|hydrazine]] (N2H4), stored in vacuoles inside specialised cells called ''panicosomes''. It disproportionates into ammonia and molecular nitrogen as its terminal reaction, completing a metabolic loop with respiration. Hydrazine is used under high stress, and causes a distinct "hissing" from araiobiote spiracles as excess N2 is produced and expelled in high quantities.

=== Sphrigocalcin ===
Life on Maaya utilises a specialised molecule named ''sphrigocalcin'' for energy storage. It binds three calcium ions which are then spent by releasing them into the cytoplasm. Maayan life therefore has a high need for calcium salts. Due to its high metabolic priority, Maayan life has evolved extremely efficient calcium recycling systems, and as such is rarely excreted. Sphrigocalcin itself is heavier than ATP, and its ratio of energy-per-mass is lower. Maayan life compensates by having larger, more specialised proteins which accomplish more tasks at once for less energy spent. The large 26-amino-acid metabolome of maiabiota is likely a result of this energy constraint.

== Amino acids ==
The following is a table showing presences of amino acids considered proteinogenic per biota.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="1" rowspan="2" |Amino acid
! colspan="9" rowspan="1" |Presence
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Ce
!Ma
!Zo
!Ka
!Te
!Ar
!En
!At
!Cl
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Alanine|Alanine]] (Ala)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 8 amino universals.
|-
|2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (Aep)
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|Exclusive to araiobiota. Being a phosphonate, it has an affinity for chelating metal ions (titanium, in araiobiota's case).
|-
|[[Wikipedia:2-Aminoisobutyric acid|2-Aminoisobutyric acid]] (Aib)
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|In araiobiota, a strong cold-temperature stabilising amino acid.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Arginine|Arginine]] (Arg)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 8 amino universals.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Asparagine|Asparagine]] (Asn)
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|✅
|
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Aspartate|Aspartate]] (Asp)
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|
|-
|β-Carboxyaspartate (Asa)
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|✅
|❌
|Linked with calcium binding in maayabiota<ref name=":0">https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00284a036</ref>, titanium in araiobiota, and manganese in atavalpobiota.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Carboxyglutamic acid|γ-Carboxyglutamate]] (Gla)
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|Additional calcium binding amino acid for maayabiota.<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Cysteic acid|Cysteic acid]] (Cya)
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|✅
|❌
|❌
|Replaces Cys in the araiobiota's hydrazine-containing biochemistry, and linked with nickel binding in enyabiota.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Cysteine|Cysteine]] (Cys)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 4 amino hydrouniversals.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:L-DOPA|3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine]] (Dop)
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|Linked with titanium chelation in araiobiota.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0006899376902298</ref>
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Glutamine|Glutamine]] (Gln)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 4 amino hydrouniversals.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Glutamate|Glutamate]] (Glu)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 8 amino universals.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Glycine|Glycine]] (Gly)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 8 amino universals.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Histidine|Histidine]] (His)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 4 amino hydrouniversals.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Histidinoalanine|Histidinoalanine]] (Hia)
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|Linked with copper chelation in telebiota.<ref>https://www.creative-peptides.com/resources/histidine-amino-acids-properties-function-benefits-and-sources.html</ref>
|-
|β-Hydroxyhistidine (Hoh)
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|✅
|✅
|Metal coordinator: copper in telebiota and clannadobiota, manganese in atavalpobiota.<ref>https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/13/3003</ref>
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Hydroxyproline|Hydroxyproline]] (Hyp)
|❌
|✅
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|✅
|Linked with general large protein stability in maayabiota and atavalpobiota and collagen stability in kannobiota and clannadobiota.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Hypusine|Hypusine]] (Hpu)
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|Both maayabiota and atavalpobiota have this as an anti-aggregation amino acid.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021925820311789</ref>
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Isoleucine|Isoleucine]] (Ile)
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|
|-
|Isonitrine (Ine)
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|Aliphatic metal coordinator exclusive to araiobiota.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Lanthionine|Lanthionine]] (Lan)
|❌
|✅
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|✅
|✅
|✅
|Largely used to counteract protein aggregation and as an antioxidant (especially in [[Kanno]], which is hyperoxygenated).<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/lanthionine</ref>
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Leucine|Leucine]] (Leu)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 8 amino universals.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Lysine|Lysine]] (Lys)
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|❌
|❌
|✅
|✅
|
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Methionine|Methionine]] (Met)
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Α-Methylphenylalanine|α-Methylphenylalanine]] (Mpa)
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|✅
|✅
|Aromatic. Fills a similar niche as Phe in maayabiota and Trp in telebiota and clannadobiota; in atavalpobiota it was selected as an additional aromatic amino acid.
|-
|Methylvaline (Mev)
|❌
|✅
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|✅
|Nonpolar. Fills a similar niche as Ile in most biota that exclude it.
|-
|Niccoline (Nic)
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|Linked with nickel chelation, exclusive to enyabiota.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Norvaline|Norvaline]] (Nva)
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|Nonpolar. Extensively used in araiobiota for its ammonia phobicity. Everywhere else it fills a similar niche as Ile.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Phenylalanine|Phenylalanine]] (Phe)
|✅
|❌
|❌
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|✅
|
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Proline|Proline]] (Pro)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 8 amino universals.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Serine|Serine]] (Ser)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 4 amino hydrouniversals.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Selenocysteine|Selenocysteine]] (Sec)
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|✅
|Redox-active, good at metal coordination.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Selenomethionine|Selenomethionine]] (Sem)
|❌
|✅
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|Redox-active, good at metal coordination.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Threonine|Threonine]] (Thr)
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|❌
|✅
|✅
|✅
|
|-
|Trifluoroleucine (Tfl)
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|Phobic to ammonia, used exclusively in araiobiota.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Tryptophan|Tryptophan]] (Trp)
|✅
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|❌
|✅
|❌
|
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Tyrosine|Tyrosine]] (Tyr)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 8 amino universals.
|-
|[[Wikipedia:Valine|Valine]] (Val)
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|✅
|One of the 8 amino universals.
|-
|Total
|20
|26
|12
|23
|22
|18
|21
|28
|25
|
|}

== Peculiarities ==

=== Virus-like lineages ===
Every biota listed has its own version of, in its simplest form, a free strand of nucleic polymers that requires a host to reproduce. These are all chiefly referred to as "viruses," but the more precise medical term would be ''parasomatic agent'', informally ''parasome''. Different biota see different pathogenic parasomatic agents taking the forefront. In cevobiota, viruses (free-floating genetic material enclosed in a capsid) are the most prevalent, while in zoabiota they are the obelisk-like ''cyclosomes'' (long, unprotected cyclic GNA strands).

== Notes and references ==
<references />
[[Category:Biology]]
[[Category:Biochemistry]]